Sucrose-sweetened beverages increase fat storage in the liver, muscle, and visceral fat depot: a 6-mo randomized intervention study

Maersk, M; Belza, Anita; Stødkilde-Jørgensen, Hans; Ringgaard, Steffen; Chabanova, Elizaveta; Thomsen, Henrik F.; Pedersen, Steen B.; Astrup, Arne; Richelsen, Bjørn

doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.022533

Cited by 492 publications

(488 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Baseline glucose levels reduced by 5 mg/dL, glucose area under the curve dropped by 8%, fasting insulin dropped by 10 mU/L, insulin area under the curve dropped 25%-all improved-on the same number of calories and without weight loss, just by removing the added sugar-and in just 10 days! This study alone does not prove that sugar causes metabolic syndrome, but when taken with other studies (2,26,27), Koch postulates for causation were fulfilled.…”

Section: Interventional Starch-for-sugar Exchangecontrasting

confidence: 58%

Sickeningly Sweet: Does Sugar Cause Type 2 Diabetes? Yes

Lustig

2016

Canadian Journal of Diabetes

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Section: Interventional Starch-for-sugar Exchangecontrasting

confidence: 58%

Sickeningly Sweet: Does Sugar Cause Type 2 Diabetes? Yes

Lustig

2016

Canadian Journal of Diabetes

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“…Nine studies included both men and women (17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25) , one study included men only (26) and another one women only (27) . Most studies were from the USA, one was from Japan (18) , one from Spain (25) and another from Denmark (24) . The number of participants ranged from 810 to 97 991 among prospective studies, with five studies including more than 30 000 participants (18,19,21,26,27) and five less than 10 000 participants (17,20,22,23,25) .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The number of participants ranged from 810 to 97 991 among prospective studies, with five studies including more than 30 000 participants (18,19,21,26,27) and five less than 10 000 participants (17,20,22,23,25) . The RCT included forty-seven participants (24) . Regarding dietary intake, nine of the eleven included studies assessed it using an FFQ, one used a 24 h recall (23) and the RCT used a 7 d record (24) .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The RCT included forty-seven participants (24) . Regarding dietary intake, nine of the eleven included studies assessed it using an FFQ, one used a 24 h recall (23) and the RCT used a 7 d record (24) . Among prospective studies, three studies examined change in SSB (23,25,27) and the others used either a single dietary assessment at baseline or a cumulative average of SSB intake collected by multiple FFQ.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…‡ + , direct association; × , no association; − , inverse association. (2012) (24) RCT and CHD (18) . Adjusting for diabetes did not influence the associations in the study by de Koning et al (2012) (26) , whereas Bernstein et al (2012) in their study found that the association between SSB intake and stroke risk was slightly attenuated when controlled for both diabetes and hypertension.…”

Section: Diabetes and Hypertensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sugar-sweetened beverages, vascular risk factors and events: a systematic literature review

Keller

Heitmann

Olsen

2014

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: A high intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) has been linked to weight gain, obesity and type 2 diabetes; however, the influence on CVD risk remains unclear. Therefore, our objective was to summarize current evidence for an association between SSB consumption and cardiovascular risk factors and events. Design: The article search was performed in August 2013. Two independent researchers performed the article search and selection, data extraction and quality assessment. Eligible studies reported the intake of SSB and one of the following outcomes: change in blood pressure, blood lipid or blood sugar, or CVD events such as stroke or myocardial infarction. Only intervention and longitudinal studies were included. Subjects: Only studies in adults (aged 18 + years old) were considered. Results: Two of four prospective studies found clear direct associations between SSB consumption and CHD, while two of three studies, including both men and women, found direct associations between SSB consumption and stroke; however, the association was significant among women only. All included studies examining vascular risk factors found direct associations between SSB consumption and change in blood pressure, blood lipid or blood sugar. Conclusions: The reviewed studies generally showed that SSB intake was related to vascular risk factors, whereas associations with vascular events were less consistent. Due to a limited number of published papers, especially regarding vascular events, the strength of the evidence is still limited and hence more studies are needed before firm conclusions can be made. Keywords Sugar-sweetened beverages Vascular disease ReviewDietary carbohydrates are essential for body functions as they are the main source of energy. To ensure a balanced diet, the Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board recommends that 45-55 % of the total energy intake is provided by carbohydrates (1) . Added sugar (table sugar) is added to foods and beverages during industrial processing, and hence refers to sugars that are not naturally occurring (2) . Studies show that added sugar (over-) consumption, specifically in the form of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), seems to be linked to different harmful health outcomes such as obesity and diabetes (3)(4)(5) . SSB may also potentially increase the risk of CVD through their high amount of rapidly absorbable carbohydrates that may, via an elevated hepatic de novo lipogenesis, result in hypertension, accumulation of visceral and ectopic fat, and increased TAG and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and decreased HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (6,7) . The increased glycaemic load caused by a high SSB intake may lead to inflammation, β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance, as suggested by who, in their pooled meta-analysis from three prospective cohorts, reported that participants in the highest category of SSB intake had a 20 % greater risk of developing metabolic syndrome than those in the lowest category of intake (4) . Most previous literature reviews on potentia...

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Association of Low- and No-Calorie Sweetened Beverages as a Replacement for Sugar-Sweetened Beverages With Body Weight and Cardiometabolic Risk

et al. 2022

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IMPORTANCE There are concerns that low-and no-calorie sweetened beverages (LNCSBs) do not have established benefits, with major dietary guidelines recommending the use of water and not LNCSBs to replace sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). Whether LNCSB as a substitute can yield similar improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors vs water in their intended substitution for SSBs is unclear. OBJECTIVETo assess the association of LNCSBs (using 3 prespecified substitutions of LNCSBs for SSBs, water for SSBs, and LNCSBs for water) with body weight and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with and without diabetes. DATA SOURCES Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception through December 26, 2021. STUDY SELECTION Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) with at least 2 weeks of interventions comparing LNCSBs, SSBs, and/or water were included.DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Data were extracted and risk of bias was assessed by 2 independent reviewers. A network meta-analysis was performed with data expressed as mean difference (MD) or standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% CIs. The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system was used to assess the certainty of the evidence. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESThe primary outcome was body weight. Secondary outcomes were other measures of adiposity, glycemic control, blood lipids, blood pressure, measures of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and uric acid. RESULTSA total of 17 RCTs with 24 trial comparisons were included, involving 1733 adults (mean [SD] age, 33.1 [6.6] years; 1341 women [77.4%]) with overweight or obesity who were at risk for or had diabetes. Overall, LNCSBs were a substitute for SSBs in 12 RCTs (n = 601 participants), water was a substitute for SSBs in 3 RCTs (n = 429), and LNCSBs were a substitute for water in 9 RCTs (n = 974). Substitution of LNCSBs for SSBs was associated with reduced body weight (MD, −1.06 kg; 95% CI, −1.71 to -0.41 kg), body mass index (MD, −0.32; 95% CI, −0.58 to -0.07), percentage of body fat (MD, −0.60%; 95% CI, −1.03% to -0.18%), and intrahepatocellular lipid (SMD, −0.42; 95% CI, −0.70 to -0.14). Substituting water for SSBs was not associated with any outcome. There was also no association found between substituting LNCSBs for water with any outcome except glycated (continued) Key Points Question Are low-and no-calorie sweetened beverages (LNCSBs) as the intended substitute for sugarsweetened beverages (SSBs) associated with improved body weight and cardiometabolic risk factors similar to water replacement? Findings In this systematic review and meta-analysis of 17 randomized clinical trials, LNCSBs as a substitute for SSBs were associated with reduced body weight, body mass index, percentage of body fat, and intrahepatocellular lipid, providing benefits that were similar to those of water, the standard-of-care substitution.Meaning The findings of this study suggest that over the moderate term, LNCSBs are a viable alternative to water as a replacemen...

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Sucrose-sweetened beverages increase fat storage in the liver, muscle, and visceral fat depot: a 6-mo randomized intervention study

Abstract: Daily intake of SSSDs for 6 mo increases ectopic fat accumulation and lipids compared with milk, diet cola, and water. Thus, daily intake of SSSDs is likely to enhance the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00777647.

Cited by 492 publications

References 46 publications

Sickeningly Sweet: Does Sugar Cause Type 2 Diabetes? Yes

Sickeningly Sweet: Does Sugar Cause Type 2 Diabetes? Yes

Sugar-sweetened beverages, vascular risk factors and events: a systematic literature review

Association of Low- and No-Calorie Sweetened Beverages as a Replacement for Sugar-Sweetened Beverages With Body Weight and Cardiometabolic Risk

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