Sucrose-mediated mechanical exfoliation of graphite: a green method for the large scale production of graphene and its application in catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol

Abstract

A simple and green method for the large scale production of graphene by ball-milling of graphite with sucrose is exploited here.

A Green Approach for the Synthesis of Coconut Husk Ash –Twisted Graphene Nanocomposites: Novel Catalysts for Solvent‐Free Biginelli Reaction

“…The D, G and 2D values of graphite are observed at 1347 cm −1 , 1578 cm −1 and 2707 cm −1 and that of BG are at 1338 cm −1 , 1565 cm −1 and 2689 cm −1 respectively. The shift of 2D band in BG towards left when compared to graphite indicates decrease in the number of graphene layers ,. In the case of WCHA‐TG40 the D band, G band and 2D band values are at 1336 cm −1 , 1562 cm −1 and 2667 cm −1 respectively.…”

“…Raman spectroscopy is an important method to assess the quality and layered nature of graphene . From the Figure (a), it can be seen that graphene based systems are characterized by 3 distinct bands which are D band, G band and 2D band corresponding to sp 3 carbon, sp 2 carbon and out of plane modes of aromatic carbon ring respectively ,.…”

“…In the course of ball milling, the kinetic energy of moving balls will exert forces on the materials (graphite and CHA) in the ball mill and can eventually result in the reduction of forces of attraction between the graphene layers. The balls exerts shear force and normal force on graphite flakes in which the former causes lateral exfoliation of graphite into graphene layer . CHA particles act as the exfoliating agent for the scissoring of graphene layer from graphite, additionally resulting in the formation of a stable composite since the formed new graphene surface will be highly active and thus can easily bind with the milling agent .…”

“…However, the major hurdle in the sonication of unfunctionalized graphite is the low yield of produced graphene . Compared to these methods, mechanical ball milling process is highly economical and scalable for the mass production of graphene …”

Sweet graphene: exfoliation of graphite and preparation of glucose-graphene cocrystals through mechanochemical treatments

“…41 Ball-milling of graphite has been performed with dry ice, 42 cellulose 43 and other natural compounds. 44 However, these methodologies still have limitations when producing aqueous graphene dispersions with reasonable concentrations in water and culture media 45 and they are not suitable for biological applications.…”