Sucrose and Nitrogen Supplies Regulate Growth of Maize Kernels

Cazetta, Jairo Osvaldo; Seebauer, Juliann R.; Below, Frederick E.

doi:10.1006/anbo.1999.0976

Cited by 56 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…MDA of ear leaves averaged 3.95, 4.06 and 4.30 for N3, N2, and N1, respectively, which was approximately 10.25% lower than CK. These findings are partly consistent with the results of earlier works which reported that nitrogen supply facilitates the establishment of kernel sink capacity and promotes the activity of enzymes relating to sucrose and nitrogen uptake (Cazetta et al 1999). Increasing nitrogen supply, especially during the late grain-filling stage prevents nitrogen remobilization from leaves and stems, eventually delaying leaf senescence, helping keep the plant 'stay green' .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

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Effect of nitrogen regimes on narrowing the magnitude of maize yield penalty caused by high temperature stress in North China Plain

Peng¹,

Chen²,

Adamou³

et al. 2017

PLANT SOIL ENVIRON

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Further enhancement of maize (Zea mays L.) productivity will benefit from a thorough understanding of thermotolerance. The effects of nitrogen fertilization regimes (ratio of nitrogen (N) doses prior to planting: V7:V15:R3) on reducing yield penalty imposed by high temperature stress are discussed in this study. Field experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 using three nitrogen fertilization regimes (N1 – 120:180:0:0; N2 – 60:90:150:0; N3 – 60:90:60:90) and CK (control) treatment (1:0:0:0) to discuss the effect of nitrogen fertilization regimes on alleviating high temperature stress of spring maize. Total N rates for 2013 and 2014 were 280 and 300 kg/ha, respectively. Yield in 2013 and 2014 was averaged as 9.37 and 12.35 t/ha for N3, respectively, which was 13.47% higher than CK. During the grain-filling stage, leaf area index and the SPAD (soil plant analysis development) value in N3 were the highest, but electrical conductivity and malondialdehyde content of ear leaf in N3 were the lowest. Moreover, photosynthetic rate of ear leaf in N3 increased by 9.95% compared to CK. These results indicate that nitrogen fertilization regimes, especially with N3 treatment, can help maintain relatively higher photosynthetic supply capacity during the grain-filling stage under high temperature stress, thereby resulting in improved grain yield.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Mid-season nitrogen application provided recovery of early-season nitrogen stress in harvest grain and resulted in maximum or nearmaximum yield (Cazetta et al 1999). However, the relationship between HTS and nitrogen availability was rarely analysed in maize under field conditions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of nitrogen regimes on narrowing the magnitude of maize yield penalty caused by high temperature stress in North China Plain

Peng¹,

Chen²,

Adamou³

et al. 2017

PLANT SOIL ENVIRON

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“…It is necessary to exhibit the yield-forming role of nitrogen during flowering and at the beginning of kernel growth. Adequate supply of nitrogen is decisive for the activity of enzymes responsible for the number of starch granules in developing kernels (Cazetta et al 1999). Therefore, the adequate supply of nitrogen affects the sink capacity of cobs for assimilates during the reproductive period of growth via controlling the potential number of kernels and/or their individual capacity -weight.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of zinc foliar application on grain yield of maize and its yielding compone

Potarzycki¹,

Grzebisz²

2009

PLANT SOIL ENVIRON

137

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Actual yields of maize harvested by farmers are at level much below attainable yield potential of currently cultivated varieties. Among many growth factors zinc was recognized as one of main limiting factors of maize crop growth and yielding. This hypothesis has been verified within a three-year field study, where zinc fertilizer was applied to maize plants at the 5 th leaf stage. Maize crop responded significantly to zinc foliar application in two of three years of study. The optimal rate of zinc foliar spray for achieving significant grain yield response was in the range from 1.0 to 1.5 kg Zn/ha. Grain yield increase was circa 18% (mean of three years) as compared to the treatment fertilized only with NPK. Plants fertilized with 1.0 kg Zn/ha significantly increased both total N uptake and grain yield. Yield forming effect of zinc fertilizer revealed via improvement of yield structure elements. The number of kernels per plant showed the highest response (+17.8% as compared to the NPK plot) and simultaneously the highest dependence on N uptake (R 2 = 0.79). For this particular zinc treatment, however, the length of cob can also be applied as a component of yield structure significantly shaping the final grain yield.

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“…For maize, this sink capacity is largely driven by final kernel number as a result of differences in kernel set or abortion (Schussler and Westgate, 1991;Cantarero et al, 1999). However, other sink differences can be attributed to changes in individual kernel size as a result of endosperm cell division rates, starch granule production, and enzymatic activities that peak during this critical period (Jacobs and Pearson, 1992;Lur and Setter, 1993;Cazetta et al, 1999). Many aspects of reproductive sink development are positively influenced by the N supply; thus, farmers routinely apply high levels of N fertilizer during maize cultivation to optimize grain yields.…”

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confidence: 99%

Amino Acid Metabolism in Maize Earshoots. Implications for Assimilate Preconditioning and Nitrogen Signaling

et al. 2004

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Nitrogen (N) is an essential requirement for kernel growth in maize (Zea mays); however, little is known about how N assimilates are metabolized in young earshoots during seed development. The objective of this study was to assess amino acid metabolism in cob and spikelet tissues during the critical 2 weeks following silking. Two maize hybrids were grown in the field for 2 years at two levels of supplemental N fertilizer (0 and 168 kg N/ha). The effects of the reproductive sink on cob N metabolism were examined by comparing pollinated to unpollinated earshoots. Earshoots were sampled at 2, 8, 14, and 18 d after silking; dissected into cob, spikelet, and/or pedicel and kernel fractions; then analyzed for amino acid profiles and key enzyme activities associated with amino acid metabolism. Major amino acids in the cob were glutamine (Gln), aspartic acid (Asp), asparagine (Asn), glutamate, and alanine. Gln concentrations dropped dramatically from 2 to 14 d after silking in both pollinated and unpollinated cobs, whereas all other measured amino acids accumulated over time in unpollinated spikelets and cobs, especially Asn. N supply had a variable effect on individual amino acid levels in young cobs and spikelets, with Asn being the most notably enhanced. We found that the cob performs significant enzymatic interconversions among Gln, alanine, Asp, and Asn during early reproductive development, which may precondition the N assimilate supply for sustained kernel growth. The measured amino acid profiles and enzymatic activities suggest that the Asn to Gln ratio in cobs may be part of a signal transduction pathway involving aspartate aminotransferase, Gln synthetase, and Asn synthetase to indicate plant N status for kernel development.Though there are numerous studies concerning growth and development of maize (Zea mays) grain, there is a general lack of knowledge concerning the physiology of the cob tissues, to which kernels are attached. This is despite the fact that the cob tissues are the link between vegetative source and reproductive sink tissues. In addition, approximately one-half of the earshoot (minus husk and shank) is cob material at silking, with the cob proportion decreasing as the grain develops. Early studies on the physical characteristics of the earshoot and cob go back more than a century (Harshberger, 1893). More recent research has examined cob shape (Srinivas et al., 1991;Bhattacharya et al., 1996;Orr et al., 1997;Pearson, 2000) and the genetic control of cob color (Nguetta and Cross, 1997;Sidorenko et al., 1999). A few studies have also focused on sugars (BeMiller and Hoffmann, 1972), nitrogen (N;Crawford et al., 1982), minerals (Mozafar, 1990), and antioxidants (Cevallos and Cisneros, 2003) contained within maize earshoots.A typical view of maize cobs is that they serve as a temporary storage organ and as a conveyor of nutrients to the developing kernels (Crawford et al., 1982). A larger metabolic role of the cob in kernel growth, however, can be inferred from the observation that an attached cob ...

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Sucrose and Nitrogen Supplies Regulate Growth of Maize Kernels

Cited by 56 publications

References 38 publications

Effect of nitrogen regimes on narrowing the magnitude of maize yield penalty caused by high temperature stress in North China Plain

Effect of nitrogen regimes on narrowing the magnitude of maize yield penalty caused by high temperature stress in North China Plain

Effect of zinc foliar application on grain yield of maize and its yielding compone

Amino Acid Metabolism in Maize Earshoots. Implications for Assimilate Preconditioning and Nitrogen Signaling

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