Suckling pressure in humans: relationship to oxytocin-reproducing reflex milk ejection.

Luther, E C; Arballo, J C; Sala, Néstor L.; Funes, J.Cordero

doi:10.1152/jappl.1974.36.3.350

Cited by 23 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…The time taken to stimulate the first milk ejection as detected by ultrasound was approximately 90 seconds. This is comparable to the time taken by the infant to induce a milk ejection during a breastfeed 6,9,18,19 (approximately 60 seconds) and pumping studies using to those at the start (see Fig. 3; 250 to 400 seconds).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…For this study the assessment of milk ejection was made by ultrasound measurements of ductal physiology in the nonexpressed breast, as were measurements of intraductal pressure changes at milk ejection in previous studies. 9,18,19 However, the correlation between increasing duct diameter in the nonexpressed breast and increased milk flow from the expressed breast suggests that measurement of milk ejection in the nonexpressed breast is representative of milk ejection in the expressed breast. However, a detailed analysis of milk ejection characteristics with regard to milk flow rate requires a short measurement interval, such as the 5-second interval the authors used compared with the 30-second interval used previously in this laboratory.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Milk Flow Rates Can Be Used to Identify and Investigate Milk Ejection in Women Expressing Breast Milk Using an Electric Breast Pump

Ramsay

Mitoulas

Kent

et al. 2006

Breastfeeding Medicine

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Currently there is no simple method available to assess milk ejection and breast milk flow in lactating women in both the clinical and research setting. The authors hypothesize that changes in milk flow rate are associated with milk ejection and therefore may provide a method suitable for the assessment of milk ejection and removal. Mothers (n = 23) expressed milk from one breast for a 15-minute period using both weak and strong vacuums on two to four separate occasions using an experimental electric breast pump (Medela AG, Baar, Switzerland). Breast milk flow rates were recorded at 5-second intervals by connecting a tube from the breast shield to a bottle placed on a balance that was connected to a computer. Milk ejection was determined by an acute increase in milk duct diameter in the contralateral breast using ultrasound (Acuson XP10, Siemens, Mountain View, CA), and the change in duct diameter was compared with milk flow rates. Milk flow rates ranged from 0 to 4.6 g per 5-second period. Increases in flow rates were positively associated with increases in duct diameter (p < 0.05). Furthermore, within each milk ejection, higher maximum duct diameters were positively related to greater volumes expressed per 5-second periods (p < 0.001). Time to the first milk ejection and number of milk ejections were the same when determined by ultrasound or flow rates. This direct relationship between increases in duct diameter and acute increases in milk flow rates suggests that changes in flow rates can be used to identify milk ejection in the absence of ultrasound data.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Milk Flow Rates Can Be Used to Identify and Investigate Milk Ejection in Women Expressing Breast Milk Using an Electric Breast Pump

Ramsay

Mitoulas

Kent

et al. 2006

Breastfeeding Medicine

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“…Observation of movie clips of breast-feeding infants revealed mandible movements without motions of the buccinator muscles, which may alter mouth volume and pressure. Hence, the peristalsis of the posterior tongue, as well as changes in mouth volume due to mandible oscillations, are most likely the generators of the pressure fluctuations measured near the nipple tip (12,19,20), which was located a few millimeters anterior to the HSPJ (21). The frequency domain of tongue motility was analyzed by using a fast Fourier transform algorithm on the local time-dependent movements around each polar line (Fig.…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanics of milk extraction during breast-feeding

Elad¹,

Kozlovsky²,

Blum³

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

106

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How do infants extract milk during breast-feeding? We have resolved a century-long scientific controversy, whether it is sucking of the milk by subatmospheric pressure or mouthing of the nippleareola complex to induce a peristaltic-like extraction mechanism. Breast-feeding is a dynamic process, which requires coupling between periodic motions of the infant's jaws, undulation of the tongue, and the breast milk ejection reflex. The physical mechanisms executed by the infant have been intriguing topics. We used an objective and dynamic analysis of ultrasound (US) movie clips acquired during breast-feeding to explore the tongue dynamic characteristics. Then, we developed a new 3D biophysical model of the breast and lactiferous tubes that enables the mimicking of dynamic characteristics observed in US imaging during breastfeeding, and thereby, exploration of the biomechanical aspects of breast-feeding. We have shown, for the first time to our knowledge, that latch-on to draw the nipple-areola complex into the infant mouth, as well as milk extraction during breast-feeding, require development of time-varying subatmospheric pressures within the infant's oral cavity. Analysis of the US movies clearly demonstrated that tongue motility during breast-feeding was fairly periodic. The anterior tongue, which is wedged between the nipple-areola complex and the lower lips, moves as a rigid body with the cycling motion of the mandible, while the posterior section of the tongue undulates in a pattern similar to a propagating peristaltic wave, which is essential for swallowing.submental ultrasound | sucking pressure | computational model | fluid-structure interaction B reast-feeding is strongly publicized and encouraged by many societies and communities. It is well accepted that breast milk provides the infant both nutrients and immunities required for growth and development during the first months after birth. It is less known that breast-fed infants exercise and prepare their orofacial muscles for future tasks of speaking and chewing (1), and also have higher oxygen saturation than bottle-fed infants (2). Breast-feeding is the outcome of a dynamic synchronization between oscillation of the infant's mandible, rhythmic motility of the tongue, and the breast milk ejection reflex that drives maternal milk toward the nipple outlet. First, the infant latches onto the breast and nipple so that the nipple, areola, and underlying mammary tissue and lactiferous ducts are drawn into the infant's mouth with the nipple tip extended as far as the hard-soft palate junction (HSPJ). Then, the infant moves its mandible up and down, compressing the areola and the underlying lactiferous ducts with its gums in a suckling process that extracts the milk into its mouth (3, 4). Simultaneous with compression, spontaneous undulating motions of the infant tongue channel the milk posteriorly and trigger the swallowing reflex (5). During breast-feeding, suckling, swallowing, and breathing are coordinated by the central nervous system in a way that allows for...

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“…In physiological studies on the breast during feeding, intramammary pressure (8) and oxytocin and prolactin as breastfeeding-related hormone secretion in blood samples have been investigated, and sucking stimulation has been found to induce the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary as an immediate reflex (9 -11). Ramsay et al (12) also observed dilatation of the milk ducts using ultrasound as a response to the ejection of milk.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemodynamic Changes in the Breast and Frontal Cortex of Mothers During Breastfeeding

et al. 2011

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The objective of this study was to confirm physiological reactions in the breast and brain in mothers during breastfeeding and collect basic objective data, aiming at effective support for breastfeeding. Ten healthy women who were exclusively breastfeeding their babies participated in this study. Changes in the concentration of oxygenated Hb (oxyHb) and deoxygenated Hb in the breasts and frontal cortex of these women during breastfeeding lactation were measured using double-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Changes were measured in three conditions: (1) in both breasts; (2) the ipsilateral breast and frontal cortex; and (3) the contralateral breast and frontal cortex. OxyHb and total Hb (totalHb) levels in the bilateral breasts decreased significantly after the onset of breastfeeding in comparison with prebreastfeeding levels. These two values repeatedly increased and decreased thereafter. In the frontal cortex, regardless of which breast was involved, oxyHb and totalHb levels increased significantly in comparison with prebreastfeeding levels. Similar hemodynamic changes occurred simultaneously in the bilateral breasts during breastfeeding regardless of the feeding or nonfeeding side. Hemodynamic changes were also noted in the frontal cortex, but the reactions in the breast and prefrontal cortex were different and not synchronous, confirming that the physiological circulatory dynamics during breastfeeding vary among organs.

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Suckling pressure in humans: relationship to oxytocin-reproducing reflex milk ejection.

Cited by 23 publications

References 0 publications

Milk Flow Rates Can Be Used to Identify and Investigate Milk Ejection in Women Expressing Breast Milk Using an Electric Breast Pump

Milk Flow Rates Can Be Used to Identify and Investigate Milk Ejection in Women Expressing Breast Milk Using an Electric Breast Pump

Biomechanics of milk extraction during breast-feeding

Hemodynamic Changes in the Breast and Frontal Cortex of Mothers During Breastfeeding

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