Sucesión vegetal en áreas de minería a cielo abierto en el bosque pluvial tropical del departamento del Chocó, Colombia

Abstract

Se caracterizaron las comunidades vegetales (composición florística y estructura) en tres sectores de minas abandonadas hace 30, 15 y 5 años, ubicadas en el corregimiento de Jigualito, municipio de Condoto, departamento del Chocó, Colombia. En cada área se establecieron cinco parcelas de 500 m² de superficie, en las cuales se registraron y midieron los individuos de todos los estratos definidos según la altura. Se constató que la riqueza aumenta y los valores de las abundancias disminuyen en la medida en que se incrementa el tiempo de recuperación, lo cual favorece el aumento de la diversidad y la aparición de una estructura más compleja que pasa de tres estratos en los cinco primeros años a cinco estratos claramente definidos después de 30 años de regeneración natural del bosque. Los resultados se contrastaron con los de un bosque testigo, y se observó que después de 30 años, la comunidad vegetal se encuentra aproximadamente en un 50 % de sus condiciones iniciales en cuanto a la composición florística y el arreglo de la estructura y la arquitectura. Sin embargo, esta nueva comunidad es completamente diferente a la del bosque testigo, lo cual es evidencia de que la actividad minera ocasiona una serie de alteraciones y transformaciones que hacen bastante improbable que se retorne a la condición inicial del bosque pluvial.

Fine root biomass and its relationship with the soil in degraded areas by mining in biogeographic Chocó

“…These negative correlations between FRB and soil nutrients denote nutritional limitations for the growth of trees in the ecosystem (Brearley 2011), which is evidenced in the present study, since the edaphic content of Ca, K, Mg and CICE was very low. In addition, the contents of OM, total N, and P available, although very high, their absorption may be limited due to the high contents of Al that are recorded in the area (Ramírez et al 2019). This is due to the fact that the high availability of Al produces a decrease in root elongation, reduces stem growth, alters metabolic and physiological processes, and decreases Fine root biomass and its relationship with the soil in degraded areas by mining in biogeographic Chocó soils is possibly due to the fact that the high sand content favors aeration (oxygen content) and macroporosity , and with this the growth and biomass of fine roots the soils is promoted.…”

“…The soils are ultisols, but due to mining they were characterized by a lot of rocky material and sand. In addition, they are acidic and have high contents of OM, total N, available P, Al and clay; while the concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, CICE and silt are very low in areas of recent mining activity, but their content is higher in areas with more recovery time (Ramírez et al 2019). On the other hand, the soils of the forested areas surrounding the mines present extreme acidity, clayey with high contents of Al, OM and total N, and low amounts of P, Mg and Ca, likewise, the K contents are intermediate and the CICE is low (Quinto and Moreno 2016).…”

Amenaza por remoción en masa. Una experiencia en la comunidad La Lagunita, estado Miranda, Venezuela

“…Puede ser entendida como los aspectos cuantitativos de las formaciones vegetales, considerando su composición y distribución tanto horizontal como vertical en un espacio determinado de la superficie." (Ramírez & Rangel, 2019)…”

Forest restoration after alluvial gold mining can recover vegetation structure. A case study in Colombia

“…During the last decades, many forest restoration projects reclaiming mined lands have been implemented in Colombia (Arias-Escobar & Barrera-Cataño, 2007;Ayala et al, 2008;Betancur-Corredor et al, 2018;Domínguez-Haydar & Armbrecht, 2011;Ramírez & Rangel-Ch., 2019;. These projects have used two main approaches: (1) technical reclamation, through adopting technical measures such as planting trees; (2) spontaneous succession or passive restoration without any human intervention (Tropek et al, 2012).…”

“…Specifically, the development of vegetation after alluvial gold mining has been poorly studied in Colombia. Recently, the plant communities were characterized at three abandoned mining sites that are 30, 15, and 5 years old in the municipality of Condoto (Chocó), showing that after 30 years the vegetation structure is entirely different from the reference forest, and floristic composition reached 50% of its initial conditions (Ramírez & Rangel-Ch., 2019). Likewise, soil seed bank formation and pioneer plant species during early revegetation of areas affected by gold mining have also been studied in Chocó, as well as the vulnerability of the forests in the Chocó to the loss of plant species as a result of alluvial gold and platinum mining (Valois-Cuesta & Martínez-Ruiz, 2016).…”