Successive, simultaneous, and anticipatory contrast in the consumption of saccharin solutions.

Flaherty, Charles F.; Rowan-Szal, Grace A.

doi:10.1037/0097-7403.12.4.381

Cited by 71 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Fourth, first feeder hypophagia (EC 50 ¼ 7.5 days) developed B4-5 days after binge-like eating. Consistent with the present results, anticipatory negative contrast for an otherwise acceptable sweet solution occurs independent of body weight or caloric intake changes, when the solution is historically succeeded by a more preferred saccharin solution (Flaherty and Rowan, 1986). Still, a possible contribution of energy homeostatic mechanisms in altering the reward threshold for food acceptance in the present study cannot be excluded.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Studies were not designed to distinguish the mechanisms responsible for reductions in home-cage or predeprivation chow intake. However, several findings support the interpretation that chow hypophagia at the first feeder was a form of anticipatory negative contrast (Flaherty and Checke, 1982;Flaherty and Rowan, 1986;Flaherty et al, 1995) and not energy homeostatic compensation for accruing weight gain, lasting satiety, or successive negative contrast. First, there was no concurrent or prospective relation between differences in weight gain and the magnitude of chow hypophagia (unlike strong individual differences seen in chow hypophagia).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…Such a learned change in food acceptance may increase risk for body weight dysregulation and eating disorders because of the increased role placed on sensoryhedonic, rather than nutritional, properties of food for controlling intake (Wardle et al, 2001). Perhaps an analog of this learned change in food acceptance, negative contrast in rodents refers to the hypophagia of an otherwise acceptable tastant that results from having predictably received access to a more preferred substance either immediately before (successive negative contrast) or subsequent to (anticipatory negative contrast) that substance (Flaherty and Checke, 1982;Flaherty and Rowan, 1986;Flaherty et al, 1995). Contrast effects have been studied previously using limitedly available (3-5 min) sweet solutions in weight-restricted rats, but have not yet been well-studied vis-à-vis day-to-day food acceptance/intake in subjects' self-determining body weight.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Opioid-Dependent Anticipatory Negative Contrast and Binge-Like Eating in Rats with Limited Access to Highly Preferred Food

Cottone

Sabino

Steardo

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

131

148

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Binge eating and an increased role for palatability in determining food intake are abnormal adaptations in feeding behavior linked to eating disorders and body weight dysregulation. The present study tested the hypothesis that rats with limited access to highly preferred food would develop analogous opioid-dependent learned adaptations in feeding behavior, with associated changes in metabolism and anxiety-like behavior. For this purpose, adolescent female Wistar rats were daily food deprived (2 h) and then offered 10-min access to a feeder containing chow followed sequentially by 10-min access to a different feeder containing either chow (chow/chow; n ¼ 7) or a highly preferred, but macronutrient-comparable, sucrose-rich diet (chow/preferred; n ¼ 8). Chow/preferred-fed rats developed binge-like hyperphagia of preferred diet from the second feeder and anticipatory chow hypophagia from the first feeder with a time course suggesting associative learning. The feeding adaptations were dissociable in onset, across individuals, and in their dose-response to the opioid-receptor antagonist nalmefene, suggesting that they represent distinct palatability-motivated processes. Chow/preferred-fed rats showed increased anxiety-like behavior in relation to their propensity to binge as well as increased feed efficiency, body weight, and visceral adiposity. Chow/preferred-fed rats also had increased circulating leptin levels and decreased growth hormone and 'active' ghrelin levels. Thus, the short-term control of food intake in rats with restricted access to highly preferred foods comes to rely more on hedonic, rather than nutritional, properties of food, through associative learning mechanisms. Such rats show changes in ingestive, metabolic, endocrine, and anxiety-related measures, which resemble features of binge eating disorders or obesity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Opioid-Dependent Anticipatory Negative Contrast and Binge-Like Eating in Rats with Limited Access to Highly Preferred Food

Cottone

Sabino

Steardo

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

131

148

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although the results described above are entirely consistent with Flaherty's analysis (1982,1996; see also Flaherty & Rowan, 1986), they do not actually directly test the idea that simultaneous contrast depends on sensory processes in rats. In light of this, it is somewhat surprising that the vast majority of previous experiments examining simultaneous contrast effects have used endpoint measures of behavior such as the total amount consumed or the total number of licks taken across some fixed period of access to the test solutions.…”

supporting

confidence: 56%

Simultaneous contrast: Evidence from licking microstructure and cross-solution comparisons.

Dwyer¹,

Lydall²,

Hayward³

2011

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

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The microstructure of rats' licking responses was analyzed to investigate both "classic" simultaneous contrast (e.g., Flaherty & Largen, 1975) and a novel discrete-trial contrast procedure where access to an 8% test solution of sucrose was preceded by a sample of either 2%, 8%, or 32% sucrose (Experiments 1 and 2, respectively). Consumption of a given concentration of sucrose was higher when consumed alongside a low rather than high concentration comparison solution (positive contrast) and consumption of a given concentration of sucrose was lower when consumed alongside a high rather than a low concentration comparison solution (negative contrast). Furthermore, positive contrast increased the size of lick clusters while negative contrast decreased the size of lick clusters. Lick cluster size has a positive monotonic relationship with the concentration of palatable solutions and so positive and negative contrasts produced changes in lick cluster size that were analogous to raising or lowering the concentration of the test solution respectively. Experiment 3 utilized the discrete-trial procedure and compared contrast between two solutions of the same type (sucrose-sucrose or maltodextrin-maltodextrin) or contrast across solutions (sucrose-maltodextrin or maltodextrin-sucrose). Contrast effects on consumption were present, but reduced in size, in the cross-solution conditions. Moreover, lick cluster sizes were not affected at all by cross-solution contrasts as they were by same-solution contrasts. These results are consistent with the idea that simultaneous contrast effects depend, at least partially, on sensory mechanisms.

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“…Previous studies have shown that PCEs may be obtained using nonnutritive sweeteners (e.g., saccharin) (Flaherty & Rowan, 1986;Weinstein, 1978).…”

Section: Tastant Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated exposures to gustatory stimuli produce habituation or positive contrast effects in perinatal rats

Mickley

Kenmuir

Crish

et al. 2004

Developmental Psychobiology

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Adult rats exhibit a decrease in consummatory responses following repeated presentations of a taste (habituation) and an increase in consummatory responses if they experience an upward shift in the magnitude or intensity of a gustatory stimulus (e.g., sucrose or saccharin). These responses do not represent a direct sensorimotor reaction to a gustatory cue, but rather reflect a change in responding based on the memory of a previous taste. Here, we sought to determine if fetal rats could (like adults) adjust their orofacial motor responses based on a memory of recent gustatory experience. Embryonic Day 18 (E18) or Day 19 (E19) rat fetuses received oral lavage with either 0.15 or 0.30% saccharin (SAC). Subsequently, observations of orofacial movements (mouthing and licking) following oral lavage with 0.30% SAC were made 50 min later, 24 hr later, or on postnatal Day 3 (P3). Thus, some animals were in a "shifted" condition in which they first experienced a relatively low concentration of SAC and then a higher one while control rats ("nonshifted") received 0.30% SAC during both taste exposures. Fetuses exhibited evidence of both habituation (with repeated presentation of the 0.30% SAC) and positive contrast effects (PCEs) (following an upward shift in SAC concentration) when retested 50 min after their first exposure to SAC on E19. However, these animals did not exhibit PCEs 24 hr later or 5 days later (on P3). Contrast effects were not observed when the initial SAC exposure was on E18, and habituation responses were variable depending on the time interval between the taste presentations to these animals. Rats with a 5- to 6-day latency between the two taste presentations showed neither PCEs nor habituation. Our data indicate that PCEs and habituation effects emerge at different ages, and their demonstration is dependent upon the latency between the taste presentations.

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Successive, simultaneous, and anticipatory contrast in the consumption of saccharin solutions.

Cited by 71 publications

References 68 publications

Opioid-Dependent Anticipatory Negative Contrast and Binge-Like Eating in Rats with Limited Access to Highly Preferred Food

Opioid-Dependent Anticipatory Negative Contrast and Binge-Like Eating in Rats with Limited Access to Highly Preferred Food

Simultaneous contrast: Evidence from licking microstructure and cross-solution comparisons.

Repeated exposures to gustatory stimuli produce habituation or positive contrast effects in perinatal rats

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