Successive Negative Contrast as a Function of Deprivation Condition Following Shifts in Sucrose Concentration

Riley, Edward P.; Dunlap, William P.

doi:10.2307/1421479

Cited by 51 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Animals exposed to 32% sucrose while under food deprivation exhibited a substantially stronger cSNC effect when downshifted to 4% sucrose than animals exposed to 32% sucrose while nondeprived. These results are also generally consistent with previous experiments with deprivation conditions held constant during preand postshift sessions, showing that ND animals (Groups 32/ND and 4/ND in Experiment 2) tend to show a stronger cSNC effect than D animals (Groups 32/D and 4/D in Experiment 1; e.g., Riley and Dunlap, 1979). As in the previous experiment, the 10-day interval used to adjust deprivation level had an effect on the retention of preshift performance.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Goaltracking time correlates positively and significantly with fluid intake for both 32% and 4% sucrose concentration (Mustaca, Freindín, & Papini, 2002). Previous experiments have also provided essentially the same results using goal-tracking time and lick frequency simultaneously in rats (Riley & Dunlap, 1979). Each conditioning box was placed in a sound-attenuating chamber that contained a speaker to deliver white noise and a fan for ventilation.…”

Section: Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Riley and Dunlap (1979) compared deprived (D; 80% of ad libitum body weight) and nondeprived (ND) animals. They reported that the cSNC effect diminished over the four postshift days in the D group, but persisted over the entire test period in ND animals.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of shifts in food deprivation on consummatory successive negative contrast

Cuenya

Annicchiarico

Serafini

et al. 2015

Learning and Motivation

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 73%

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Effects of shifts in food deprivation on consummatory successive negative contrast

Cuenya

Annicchiarico

Serafini

et al. 2015

Learning and Motivation

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“…For example, robust simultaneous and successivenegativecontrasts appear in sucrose drinking (Flaherty & Kaplan, 1979)and saccharindrinking (Flaherty& Rowan, 1986), auditory generalization gradients are sharpened by discrimination training (Jenkins & Harrison, 1960), and differences in reinforcingeffects are more extreme when each animal is exposedto each conditionthan when a single reinforcement condition is used with each animal (Marx & Pieper, 1962;Schrier, 1958). Indeed, negative 20,.. reinforcement contrast effects that persist for at least four sessions have been shown to follow a single shift in sucrose concentrations (Riley & Dunlap, 1979).…”

Section: Experiments 2 Successive Contrast Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of taste-induced drinking: The effects of concentration shifts and drinking interruptions

Rabiner

Kling

Spraguer

1988

Animal Learning & Behavior

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The drinking of saccharin solutions by nondeprived rats was found to increase on initial exposure as a function of daily sessions and not as a function of previous state of deprivation or vigor of drinking. Large and persisting positive and negative successive contrast effects followed a single shift in concentration. Forcing the drinking to occur in short bouts by withdrawing the drinking tube elevated total intake above the level established by the positive and negative contrasts. The drinking returned to baseline when uninterrupted drinking was permitted. Maximum drinking occurred with 10-and 20-min interruptions of 2-min drinking periods. Consecutive daily interrupted drinking sessions did not produce further increases in drinking, as might have been predicted by opponent process theory or by a classical conditioning interpretation. It was suggested that the persistence of the positive and negative contrasts was dependent on the limited past experience of the animals with the saccharin taste, and that the enhancement of drinking by interruption may depend on the increased excitement produced by drinking tube withdrawal and the reduction of the excitement by reintroduction of the tube.

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“…These SucNCEs have also applied preshift and postshift or when applied postbeen obtained in both free-feeding and deprived rats shift only. In fact, scopolamine tends to reduce the (Riley& Dunlap, 1979).…”

Section: Shifts In Sucroseconcentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incentive contrast: A review of behavioral changes following shifts in reward

Flaherty

1982

Animal Learning & Behavior

313

246

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The literature relevant to incentive contrast effects is reviewed, with emphasis on the data published since the reviews by Black (1968) and Dunham (1968). Contrary to the evidence available for the earlier reviews, the current literature indicates that positive contrast is a reliable phenomenon. Its occurrence is facilitated by use of a constant delay of reward, use of a long runway, or possibly by a shift while a negative contrast effect, resulting from a previous shift, is still present in the animals' behavior. Positive contrast also occurs in consummatory behavior when sucrose or saccharin solutions are shifted. Conditions that are ineffective in producing positive contrast are reviewed, as are the effects of numerous variables on both successive and simultaneous contrast. In addition, positive and negative contrast effects resulting from shifts in delay or percentage of reward, contrast resulting from shifts in sucrose, saccharin, or ethanol solutions, contrast in choice behavior, and transsituational contrast are reviewed. The relationship of the data to several theoretical interpretations of contrast is also considered.Interpretation of the behavior changes that occur when a familiar reward is replaced by a novel, usually less preferred, reward has played an important role in the theoretical analysis of animal learning. For example, Tolman (1932) cited the behavior of a monkey when the familiar reward of a banana was replaced by a piece of lettuce as evidence favoring his view that animals learn expectancies of particular rewards in a learning situation. The behavioral description was obtained in a delayed-response experiment by Tinklepaugh (1928): "She [the monkey] extends her hand to seize the food. But her hand drops to the floor without touching it. She looks at the lettuce but (unless very hungry) does not touch it. She looks under and around her. She picks the cup up and examines it thoroughly inside and out. She has on occasion turned toward observers present in the room and shrieked at them in apparent anger. After several seconds spent searching, she gives a glance toward the other cup, which she has been taught not to look into, and then walks off to a nearby window. The lettuce is left untouched on the floor" (p. 224).In addition to supporting Tolman's expectancy interpretation of animal learning, this description contains elements that continue to be relevant as possible explanations of the behavioral changes that Appreciation is due Alexandra Avdzej for assistance in library research and to HowardBecker, SusanChecke, and MaryFlaherty for their comments on the manuscript. Preparation for this article was aided by grants from the Rutgers Research Council. The author's mailing addressis: Psychology Department, Busch Campus, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey08903. occur subsequent to reward shifts, that is, the apparent presence of an emotional response elicited by the shift and the possibility that the animals search for the missing reward, given the opportunity.A rat study by Elli...

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Successive Negative Contrast as a Function of Deprivation Condition Following Shifts in Sucrose Concentration

Cited by 51 publications

References 17 publications

Effects of shifts in food deprivation on consummatory successive negative contrast

Effects of shifts in food deprivation on consummatory successive negative contrast

Modulation of taste-induced drinking: The effects of concentration shifts and drinking interruptions

Incentive contrast: A review of behavioral changes following shifts in reward

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