Successions of Organisms in Discoloration and Decay of Wood

Shigo, Alex L.

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4831-9976-4.50012-1

Cited by 111 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…In this study, heartwood refers to a darker brown-reddish discolouration of traumatic origin (also called red heartwood) developed in sugar maple and yellow birch wood as a result of tree injuries and invasion by microorganisms (Shigo 1967;Hallaksela and Niemistö 1998;Drouin et al 2009). These hardwoods do not develop a regular, genetically-programmed "true"-coloured heartwood as in other species (e.g., oaks).…”

Section: Geographic Variation In Discoloured Heartwoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wood Mechanical Properties and Discoloured Heartwood Proportion in Sugar Maple and Yellow Birch Grown in New Brunswick

Duchesne¹,

Vincent²,

Wang³

et al. 2016

BioResources

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Rising interest in using wood in non-residential multi-story building structures opens up new opportunities for utilising low-grade hardwoods. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the geographic variation in modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) of sugar maple and yellow birch wood in relation to stand and tree characteristics for two regions in New Brunswick, Canada. Mixed effects statistical models were developed to test the effects of stand, tree, and wood sample variables. A second objective was to examine geographic variation in heartwood discolouration in relation to stand and tree characteristics. Between-tree differences (trees nested within sites) accounted for 44% and 35% of the total variation in yellow birch (MOE and MOR, respectively) and for 69% and 60% of total variation in sugar maple. The fixed effects explained only a very small part for the variation in MOE and MOR in the sugar maple data (10% for MOE and 5% for MOR). For sugar maple, mechanical properties (MOE and MOR) at 50% of the radius were considerably lower than those close to the bark, but this radial variation was not noteworthy for yellow birch. Discoloured heartwood proportion had no significant effect on wood mechanical properties.

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Section: Geographic Variation In Discoloured Heartwoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wood Mechanical Properties and Discoloured Heartwood Proportion in Sugar Maple and Yellow Birch Grown in New Brunswick

Duchesne¹,

Vincent²,

Wang³

et al. 2016

BioResources

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“…[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. There is no common name that has been officially accepted in the terminology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency of False Heartwood of Stems of Poplar Growing on Farmland in Sweden

Johansson

Hjelm

2013

Forests

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Swedish owners of poplar stands are interested in both the wood quality and the use of poplars that are soon to be harvested. An important concern is the frequency of false heartwood (FHW) in the stems. We have presented an overview of the factors causing discolored wood as well as the industrial use and quality of the end products. We have studied poplar stems growing at 22 sites in Sweden between latitudes 55° N and 60° N. The mean age of the poplar was 23 years (range 14-41), the mean stand density 1011 stems ha −1 (range 155-3493) and the diameter at breast height (DBH) (over bark) 246 mm (range 121-447). All stands were growing on clay soils (light and medium clay and light clay tills). All of the sampled stems (42) contained false heartwood. At 0%-50% of stem height, all sampled trees were discolored and at 90% of stem height, 33% were discolored. The percentage of false heartwood area by stem area was highest at 1% and 10% of stem height (26.6% and 24.7% respectively). The "FHW" part of the stem had a radius of 47 mm (range 9-93) at 30% of stem height, which corresponds to 50% of the total stem radius. A log of six meters represents about 30% of stem height. Equations describing the correlation between DBH and the diameter of FHW at different stem heights (1%, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 90%) and table describing FHW volume % by total stem volume at the first 50% of stem height were constructed. These might be helpful for estimating the percentage of fresh wood in a stem. However, most of the fast-growing poplars will be harvested as biofuel.

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“…Our results show that even early stages of decay decrease the electric resistivity of wood and can be detected with ERT. Noticeable changes in electric conductivity were detected as early as four months after infection in those wounds infected by T. versicolor, indicating that the tree reacts differently to infection by pathogens than to the "normal" succession of fungi and other micro-organisms (Shigo, 1967) in pathogen-free control wounds. This is in agreement with other studies, which, however, used destructive methods for analysing the progress of decay and discolouration (Shortle et al, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Non-destructive monitoring of early stages of white rot by Trametes versicolor in Fraxinus excelsior

Bieker¹,

Kehr²,

Weber³

et al. 2010

Ann. For. Sci.

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Abstract• Non-destructive detection of fungal decay in living trees is relevant for forest management of valuable species, hazard tree assessment, and research in forest pathology. A variety of tomographic methods, based on stress wave timing, radioactive radiation, or electrical resistivity have been used to detect decay in standing trees non-destructively. But apart from mobile gamma ray computed tomography (Habermehl and Ridder, 1993) which is virtually unavailable, the detection of incipient stages of decay is still not possible.• Wood moisture and electrolyte content influence the electric resistivity of wood. Both are changed by fungal decay. Therefore electric resistivity tomography (ERT) should detect decay in its early stages. Then it could be used to monitor the spatial and temporal progress of degradation.• We infected four Fraxinus excelsior trees with Trametes versicolor using wooden dowels and measured two-dimensional electric resistivity tomograms 3, 10, 13 and 21 months after infection. Immediately after the last electric resistivity measurement trees were felled for further analyses of stem cross-sections. Wood moisture content and raw density had significantly increased in infected areas, but dry density had not significantly changed after 21 months. Areas of very low electric resistivity around the infected wounds correlated very well with infected wood in the stem cross-sections. Increasing areas of low electric resistivity around the infected wounds during consecutive measurements indicate increasing areas of infected wood.• We conclude that the growth of white rot by Trametes versicolor can be monitored with electric resistivity tomography (ERT) beginning from incipient stages, even before wood density decreases. ERT could therefore be a powerful research tool for decay dynamics as well as a method for diagnosing wood decay in forestry and arboriculture.Mots-clés : développement / ERT / contrôle / tomographie / pourriture fongique du bois Résumé -Contrôle non destructif des premiers stades de la pourriture blanche de Trametes versicolor chez Fraxinus excelsior.• Le contrôle non destructif des champignons de la pourriture du bois dans les arbres vivants est pertinent pour la gestion forestière des essences précieuses, l'évaluation des risques de l'arbre, et la recherche en pathologie forestière. Une variété de méthodes de tomographie, sur la base d'onde de contraintes cadencées, des radiations radioactives, ou de la résistivité électrique ont été utilisés pour détecter la pourriture des arbres sur pied de façon non destructive. Mais, en dehors de la tomographie à rayon gamma mobile (Habermehl et Ridder, 1993) qui est pratiquement indisponible, la détection des débuts de pourriture n'est pas encore possible.• L'humidité du bois et le contenu électrolytique influence la résistivité électrique du bois. Les deux sont modifiés par la pourriture fongique. Par conséquent, la tomographie de résistivité électrique (ERT) devrait détecter la pourriture à ses débuts. Ensuite, elle pourrait être utilisée...

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Successions of Organisms in Discoloration and Decay of Wood

Cited by 111 publications

References 104 publications

Wood Mechanical Properties and Discoloured Heartwood Proportion in Sugar Maple and Yellow Birch Grown in New Brunswick

Wood Mechanical Properties and Discoloured Heartwood Proportion in Sugar Maple and Yellow Birch Grown in New Brunswick

Frequency of False Heartwood of Stems of Poplar Growing on Farmland in Sweden

Non-destructive monitoring of early stages of white rot by Trametes versicolor in Fraxinus excelsior

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