Successful Treatment of Spectacle Avulsion in a Brazilian Rainbow Boa (Epicrates cenchria cenchria) by Using a Porcine Small Intestinal Submucosal Graft

Wojick, Kimberlee B.; McBride, Michael

doi:10.5818/17-12-138.1

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Regeneration of the spectacle has been described in two snake species for the treatment of a near-complete spectaculectomy or spectacle avulsion by use of porcine small intestinal submucosal or amniotic membrane grafting combined with application of topical ointments [ 51 , 52 ]. In both cases, full regeneration of the spectacle following two or more shedding cycles was observed; based on these results, grafts are considered to serve as a scaffold for the healing of larger or complete spectacular defects [ 51 , 52 ].…”

Section: Ecdysis and Healing Of The Spectaclementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been postulated that in cases of traumatic near-complete spectaculectomy or avulsion of the spectacle, spontaneous regeneration will not occur and intensive treatment, including the use of grafting, is necessary [ 31 , 51 , 52 ]. Based on our experiences, however, topical application of antimicrobial ointments until a first shed has occurred has a fair chance of resulting in complete regeneration of the spectacle and subspectacular space if the basal layers at the transition zone are still intact.…”

Section: Indentation and Trauma Of The Spectaclementioning

confidence: 99%

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Anatomy, Physiology, and Disorders of the Spectacle, Subspectacular Space, and Its Lacrimal Drainage System in Squamates

Hellebuyck

Vilanova

2023

Animals

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Various squamate species have completely fused eyelids that make up a transparent spectacle. The spectacle is a continuation of the integument that is renewed with each shedding cycle and creates a narrow subspectacular or corneospectacular space that is filled with lacrimal fluid. The latter is considered as the analogue of the conjunctival sac in other vertebrates. Almost all reptiles that have a spectacle lack a nictitating membrane, bursalis muscle, and lacrimal glands. The lacrimal fluid in the subspectacular space is secreted by the Harderian gland. The features of the spectacle and its lacrimal drainage system are an illustration of the enormous variation of the morphological adaptations that are seen in reptiles and one of the most distinguishable traits of snakes and most gecko species. Whereas ocular disease in squamates with a spectacle is infrequently seen in practice, disorders of the spectacle and the subspectacular space are commonly encountered. In order to apply an adequate diagnostic and therapeutic approach for these conditions, a sound knowledge and understanding of the anatomical and physiological peculiarities of the spectacle, subspectacular space, and lacrimal drainage system are fundamental.

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