“… 23 , 25 , 44 , 115 , 116 As most of these reports are based on the treatment of tourists and expatriate Europeans and North Americans returning home from endemic areas, and not on people who have lived all their lives in endemic areas, it is not clear whether the symptoms reported from these studies can be used to compile a clinical picture that represents all or even most infections caused by mansonellosis. 23 , 25 , 44 , 116 , 117 Based on these reports, M. perstans can be considered to have little pathogenicity and almost always to be asymptomatic, but it can occasionally cause itching, joint pains, enlarged lymph glands, and vague abdominal symptoms. 5 , 23 , 25 , 116 , 117 …”