Successful application of wastewater-based epidemiology in prediction and monitoring of the second wave of COVID-19 with fragmented sewerage systems–a case study of Jaipur (India)

Abstract

The present study tracked the city-wide dynamics of severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus 2 ribonucleic acids (SARS-CoV-2 RNA) in the wastewater from nine different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Jaipur during the second wave of COVID-19 out-break in India. A total of 164 samples were collected weekly between February 19th and June 8th, 2021. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 47.2% (52/110) influent samples and 37% (20/54) effluent samples. The increasing percentage of positive influent samples correlated with the city’s increasing active clinical cases during the second wave of COVID-19 in Jaipur. Furthermore, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) evidence clearly showed early detection of about 20 days (9/9 samples reported positive on April 20th, 2021) before the maximum cases and maximum deaths reported in the city on May 8th, 2021. The present study further observed the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in treated effluents at the time window of maximum active cases in the city even after tertiary disinfection treatments of ultraviolet (UV) and chlorine (Cl 2 ) disinfection. The average genome concentration in the effluents and removal efficacy of six commonly used treatments, activated sludge process + chlorine disinfection (ASP + Cl 2 ), moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) with ultraviolet radiations disinfection (MBBR + UV), MBBR + chlorine (Cl 2 ), sequencing batch reactor (SBR), and SBR + Cl 2 , were compared with removal efficacy of SBR + Cl 2 (81.2%) > MBBR + UV (68.8%) > SBR (57.1%) > ASP (50%) > MBBR + Cl 2 (36.4%). The study observed the trends and prevalence of four genes (E, RdRp, N, and ORF1ab gene) based on two different kits and found that prevalence of N > ORF1ab > RdRp > E gene suggested that the effective genome concentration should be calculated based on the presence/absence of multiple genes. Hence, it is imperative to say that using a combination of different detection genes (E, N, RdRp, & ORF1ab genes) increases the sensitivity in WBE. Graphical abstract

RNA-Seq of untreated wastewater to assess COVID-19 and emerging and endemic viruses for public health surveillance

“…Samples were then transferred to the Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory at Dr. B. Lal Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur under cold chain transportation for pre-processing of wastewater and RNA extraction for sequencing as previously described. 22 , 23 …”

Wastewater surveillance could serve as a pandemic early warning system for COVID‐19 and beyond

“…The RdRp gene labeled as CTR (orange) could not be detected at later time points, while the E gene labeled as CTE had higher detection than the N gene (CTN; Arora et al, 2021). Arora et al (2022) monitored the second and third waves of COVID-19 both qualitatively and quantitatively through community surveillance across Jaipur city in Rajasthan State. The study revealed increased detection sensitivity and supported WBE as an approach for early prediction of upcoming outbreaks, even in the cities like Jaipur, where the sewerage system is fragmented and not fully developed.…”

A snapshot of SARS‐CoV‐2 viral RNA throughout wastewater treatment plants in Arkansas

“…Previous studies have focused on the fate of viruses throughout WWTPs such as SARS‐CoV‐1 (Wang, Li, Guo, et al 2005; Wang, Li, Jin, et al 2005), pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) (Tandukar et al, 2020a), Adenovirus (Hata et al, 2013), and so forth. Since the COVID‐19 pandemic, studies have been published on virus removal from various treatment processes, including individual wastewater treatment steps (Al‐Duroobi et al, 2023), advanced treatment (Polanco et al, 2023), and across the entire treatment plant (Arora et al, 2022; Sherchan et al, 2021; Foladori et al, 2022). These studies sometimes observed virus detection even after advanced treatment in the final effluent of wastewater treatment.…”