Suburban Fixed Wireless Access Channel Measurements and Models at 28 GHz for 90% Outdoor Coverage

Du, Jinfeng; Chizhik, Dmitry; Feick, R.; Rodríguez, Mauricio; Castro, Guillermo de Arcas; Valenzuela, R.A.

doi:10.1109/tap.2019.2935110

Cited by 25 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…Figure 1 presents a summary of statistically analyzed results of field measurements conducted at 28 GHz in different deployment scenarios, i.e. indoor office [20], suburban fixed wireless access (FWA) [21], factory automation [21] and urban Manhattan street canyons [23]. In all the scenarios a severe impact of AS on effective peak antenna gain is visible.…”

Section: Nominal and Effective Antenna Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of 5G Base Station RF EMF Exposure Evaluation Methods in Scattering Environments

Bechta

Grangeat

et al. 2022

IEEE Access

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The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) develops and validates methods for assessing radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF EMF) exposure due to base stations (BS). When the assessment is performed in-situ, it is recommended to extrapolate the maximum level of exposure from measurement of stable signals, such as broadcast signal with BS of the 5 th generation (5G) of mobile communication systems (gNodeB). A comparative statistical analysis of extrapolation methods based on nominal antenna pattern (as measured in an anechoic chamber) and effective antenna pattern (as measured in scattering environment) of gNodeB is presented in this paper. This theoretical analysis shows that extrapolation with nominal antenna pattern may lead to significant overestimation of the maximum RF EMF exposure (up to 5.4 dB) in case of scattering environment or non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions. This overestimation is expected to be reduced by using effective antenna pattern in order to better represent the actual propagation conditions, such as those found in urban or dense urban areas. Therefore, it is recommended to perform extrapolation of the maximum exposure based on joint modeling of antenna beam pattern and representative value of the angular spread (AS) for the targeted deployment conditions. This conclusion was obtained from the observed consistence between two different approaches for determination of effective antenna gain. The first approach assumes statistical simulations with full three-dimensional (3D) channel model, especially distribution function of AS. The second approach enables simpler calculation of the effective antenna gain in scattering environment or NLOS conditions by considering only representative values from the full range of AS distribution function. The proposed simple method, if used with representative realistic values of AS, could reduce overestimation of RF EMF exposure resulting from an extrapolation factor based on nominal antenna gains of broadcast and traffic beams.

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Section: Nominal and Effective Antenna Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of 5G Base Station RF EMF Exposure Evaluation Methods in Scattering Environments

Bechta

Grangeat

et al. 2022

IEEE Access

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“…2 presents a summary of statistically analyzed measurement results in different deployment scenarios, i.e. indoor office [5], suburban fixed wireless access (FWA) [6], factory automation [7] and urban Manhattan street canyons [8]. In all the scenarios a severe impact of angular spread on effective antenna gain is visible.…”

Section: Nominal Antenna Pattern Vs Effective Antenna Patternmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As 3GPP in [9] does not define channel model for suburban environment, the simulation study presented in this section is based on 3GPP UMi SC stochastic model improved by statistics obtained for suburban 28 GHz measurement campaign presented in [6]. No site-specific channel characteristic was assumed.…”

Section: A Simulation Assumptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was assumed that 10% of houses which are the closest to BSs have indoor Customer Premise Equipment (CPE), whereas for the remaining 90% of houses outdoor CPE was assumed. For path loss calculation the empirical models presented in [6] [17] and summarized in TABLE III were used. Vegetation LOS conditions (VLOS) were assumed for wanted signal links towards outdoor CPE and for interfering links from other sectors but placed on the same street.…”

Section: A Simulation Assumptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 for model [9]) or from the angular spread measurements performed in the analyzed environment (e.g. [6]). For illustration, Fig.…”

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Rework the Radio Link Budget for 5G and Beyond

Bechta

Rybakowski

2020

IEEE Access

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The 5 th generation of mobile communication system (5G) enables the use of millimeter wave frequency bands and beamforming with narrow-beam directional antennas for mobile communication. Accurate estimation of radio link budget which enables direct assessment of achievable cell range or maximum throughput and facilitates network parametrization before deployment is one of the most challenging problems in radio network planning. In contrast to traditional cellular systems, where omnidirectional or sectoral antennas are deployed with half-power beam-width much larger than angular spread of the radio channel, the beam-width of antenna arrays assumed for 5G in sub-6GHz and millimeter wave bands can be comparable to or smaller than channel angular spread in scattering environment. Since the effective antenna pattern is determined jointly by the nominal antenna pattern and channel angular spread, it is no longer appropriate to use nominal pattern in radio link budget analysis or system level simulations. Simplified approach, where nominal pattern is assumed for all typical propagation conditions, results in overestimation of the signal power in serving links and underestimation of interference, which in consequence gives erroneous estimation of link budget and leads to unsatisfactory network design and deployment. To avoid inaccurate calculation of link budget while maintaining simplicity it is proposed to modify the simplified approach by using effective antenna patterns. On the other hand, effective antenna pattern can be further optimized by matching its half-power beam-width to the angular spread of the radio channel. It is demonstrated via simulations how to rework the radio link budget for accurate estimation of system performance in high bands for 5G and beyond, along with benefits of effective antenna pattern optimization. INDEX TERMS 5G, angular spread, beamforming, directional antenna, effective antenna pattern, millimeter wave, radio link budget.

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Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces as the key-enabling technology for smart electromagnetic environments

Bilotti,

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Hamzavi-Zarghani

et al. 2024

Advances in Physics: X

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Suburban Fixed Wireless Access Channel Measurements and Models at 28 GHz for 90% Outdoor Coverage

Cited by 25 publications

References 30 publications

Analysis of 5G Base Station RF EMF Exposure Evaluation Methods in Scattering Environments

Analysis of 5G Base Station RF EMF Exposure Evaluation Methods in Scattering Environments

Rework the Radio Link Budget for 5G and Beyond

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces as the key-enabling technology for smart electromagnetic environments

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