Subtypes of atopic dermatitis: From phenotype to endotype

Tokura, Y.; Hayano, Satoshi

doi:10.1016/j.alit.2021.07.003

Cited by 127 publications

(178 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…However, food allergies might be concomitant to AD in very young children (https://nationaleczema.org/atopic-dermatitis-and-allergies-connection/ (accessed on 9 February 2022)) [6]. AD is a complex disease whose etiology has not yet been fully deciphered due to its heterogeneity resulting from patient age, ethnicity, and lifestyle factors [7][8][9]. Moreover, although a genetic predisposition is undeniable in AD pathogenesis, the relative contribution of (epi)genetic [10][11][12][13] versus environmental factors [14][15][16] remains unknown.…”

Section: Atopic Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Atopic Dermatitis: The Fate of the Fat

Pavel

Blunder

Moosbrugger‐Martinz

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin disease in which dry and itchy skin may develop into skin lesions. AD has a strong genetic component, as children from parents with AD have a twofold increased chance of developing the disease. Genetic risk loci and epigenetic modifications reported in AD mainly locate to genes involved in the immune response and epidermal barrier function. However, AD pathogenesis cannot be fully explained by (epi)genetic factors since environmental triggers such as stress, pollution, microbiota, climate, and allergens also play a crucial role. Alterations of the epidermal barrier in AD, observed at all stages of the disease and which precede the development of overt skin inflammation, manifest as: dry skin; epidermal ultrastructural abnormalities, notably anomalies of the lamellar body cargo system; and abnormal epidermal lipid composition, including shorter fatty acid moieties in several lipid classes, such as ceramides and free fatty acids. Thus, a compelling question is whether AD is primarily a lipid disorder evolving into a chronic inflammatory disease due to genetic susceptibility loci in immunogenic genes. In this review, we focus on lipid abnormalities observed in the epidermis and blood of AD patients and evaluate their primary role in eliciting an inflammatory response.

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Section: Atopic Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Atopic Dermatitis: The Fate of the Fat

Pavel

Blunder

Moosbrugger‐Martinz

et al. 2022

IJMS

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“…The patients did not associate the disease severity with an exposure to these allergens in either the AD or PS groups (data not published). An exposure to environmental allergens appears to be able to influence AD but this relationship is not obvious in PS [ 1 , 2 , 4 ]. There are a few examples in the literature regarding the influence of mite allergens on the expression of atopic dermatitis, but there are no such data in relation to other inhaled allergens or psoriasis [ 4 , 16 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The widespread prevalence of allergies, currently estimated to be one third of the population, indicates the need for detailed research to understand the pathogenesis of allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD) [ 1 , 2 ]. AD is heterogeneous; its pathogenesis is complex and not defined in detail [ 1 , 2 ]. AD is an early childhood disease and remains in adulthood in several patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Immunological and Allergen Profiles of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis or Psoriasis

2022

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Background and objectives: Atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis (PS) are systemic inflammatory diseases with complex and distinct immune mechanisms. That the same factors may aggravate both diseases cannot be ruled out. The aim of this study was to assess the potential differences between a sensitization to inhaled allergens and the immunological profiles of patients diagnosed with AD and PS in comparison with healthy controls. Materials and methods: A total of 139 patients with AD, 115 with PS, and 142 controls were included in the prospective study. Patients were eligible if they were diagnosed with mild to severe AD or PS and between 18 and 65 years of age. In all the participants, the serum concentrations of specific IgE (sIgE) for common inhaled allergens were measured. In all the subjects, the cytokine serum blood profiles for TNF-α, IFN-γ, Il-2, Il-4, Il-5, Il-6, Il-8, Il-12, Il-17, Il-18, Il-22, and Il-24 were measured via an ELISA. Results: The patients with AD had positive sIgE results more frequently than the patients with PS and the controls (113 vs. 36 vs. 21, respectively). A sensitization to mites was dominant in the patients with AD (p < 0.05), and a sensitization to Aspergillus was dominant in the patients with PS (p < 0.05). The patients with multiple allergies to inhaled allergens had a lower risk of developing PS (OR = 0.65; 95% CI: 0.43–0.86) but a greater risk of severe AD (OR = 3.77; 95% CI: 3.25–3.96). The mean concentrations of the most tested cytokines were comparable in the patients with AD and PS. However, high serum concentrations of Il-4, Il-5, and Il-6 were only dominant in the AD group. There were no relationships between the increased serum concentrations of individual cytokines and allergies to the individually examined allergens. Conclusion: Inhalation-dependent IgE sensitizations were prevalent in the AD patients but were also possible in the PS patients; they were often without clinical manifestations in the latter group. The investigated cytokine profiles indicated their high convergence in the studied patients and confirmed the active inflammatory nature of AD and PS.

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“…Although its function is not fully understood, it is known that shRNA-mediated SBSN knockdown promotes poor formation of keratohyalin granules and affects the development of the SG [85]. In intrinsic AD patients, SBSN is substantially decreased, particularly in those with a nickel allergy [85,139]. These cutaneous abnormalities are exacerbated in lesional skin; thus, nonlesional skin shows an intermediary phenotype between normal and lesional skins, though closer to the latter as immune and epidermal alterations in nonlesional skin are associated with disease extent and severity [104,138].…”

Section: The Keratinocyte In the Primary Origin Of Atopic Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Keratinocyte as a Crucial Cell in the Predisposition, Onset, Progression, Therapy and Study of the Atopic Dermatitis

Gallegos-Alcalá

Jiménez

Cervantes‐García

et al. 2021

IJMS

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The keratinocyte (KC) is the main functional and structural component of the epidermis, the most external layer of the skin that is highly specialized in defense against external agents, prevention of leakage of body fluids and retention of internal water within the cells. Altered epidermal barrier and aberrant KC differentiation are involved in the pathophysiology of several skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD). AD is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by cutaneous and systemic immune dysregulation and skin microbiota dysbiosis. Nevertheless, the pathological mechanisms of this complex disease remain largely unknown. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the participation of the KC in different aspects of the AD. We provide an overview of the genetic predisposing and environmental factors, inflammatory molecules and signaling pathways of the KC that participate in the physiopathology of the AD. We also analyze the link among the KC, the microbiota and the inflammatory response underlying acute and chronic skin AD lesions.

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Subtypes of atopic dermatitis: From phenotype to endotype

Cited by 127 publications

References 102 publications

Atopic Dermatitis: The Fate of the Fat

Atopic Dermatitis: The Fate of the Fat

The Immunological and Allergen Profiles of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis or Psoriasis

The Keratinocyte as a Crucial Cell in the Predisposition, Onset, Progression, Therapy and Study of the Atopic Dermatitis

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