Subtype Classification of Iranian HIV-1 Sequences Registered in the HIV Databases, 2006-2013

Baesi, Kazem; Moallemi, Samaneh; Farrokhi, Molood; Mehraeen, Esmaeil; Truong, Hong‐Ha M.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105098

Cited by 24 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…Most samples in the study were determined to be infected with the CRF35_AD variant, 96.1%, like other studies [24,25,26,27,28], and there were far fewer cases of subtypes B, AE, and A1 (<1.3%). In Iran, CRF35-AD has an epidemiological connection with CRF35-AD.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

HIV Drug Resistance and Phylogeny Profile in Naïve and Antiretroviral-Experienced Patients in Tehran, Iran

Farrokhi

Moallemi²,

Baesi³

et al. 2016

Intervirology

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Background: Increasing the accessibility of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has caused the emergence of drug resistance in patients receiving ART and in naïve patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate HIV subtype and drug resistance between naïve patients and ART-experienced patients. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 78 antiretroviral and naïve HIV-1 patients; antiretroviral-resistant mutations and subtyping were then determined by sequencing pol regions. Results: Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 96.1% of sequences belong to the CRF35-AD subtype. Transmitted drug resistance was determined in 14% of drug-naïve patients and 40% of ART-experienced patients. Conclusion: The findings of this study illustrated the importance of resistance testing before and during ART treatment. This study can be used to set up a best medicine strategy in Iranian guidelines.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

HIV Drug Resistance and Phylogeny Profile in Naïve and Antiretroviral-Experienced Patients in Tehran, Iran

Farrokhi

Moallemi²,

Baesi³

et al. 2016

Intervirology

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“…In this study, the HIV-1 subtypes CRF01_AE, C, and B were found to be the most prevalent subtypes detected in Kuwait, consistent with previous observations [6] and the findings reported in the Gulf region about the circulation of pure subtypes A, B, and C and of recombinant forms like CRF35_AD [21,22]. Of interest, around 10% of the patients had the HIV-1 subtype CRF02_AG that is prevalent in West Africa and Russia with a global prevalence of ∼5% [23].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Drug Resistance-Associated Mutations in Antiretroviral Treatment-Experienced Patients in Kuwait

et al. 2018

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Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of nonpolymorphic resistance-associated mutations (RAM) in HIV-1 patients on first-line antiretroviral therapy in Kuwait. Subjects and Methods: Total RNA was isolated from plasma samples of 42 patients who received a first-line nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based regimen. HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase genetic regions were then amplified by nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and directly sequenced. The HIV-1 subtype was identified using the Bayesian phylogenetic method, and RAM were identified using the Stanford University genotypic resistance interpretation algorithm. Results: The HIV-1 viral load at sampling ranged from < 20 to 8.25 × 10⁴ copies/ml. CRF01_AE, C, and B were the most predominant HIV-1 subtypes. Nonpolymorphic mutations associated with resistance to antiretroviral drugs were detected in 11 (26.2%) of the 42 patients; 5 (11.9%) patients had mutations associated with a high-level resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI), 4 (9.5%) patients had mutations associated with resistance to NNRTI, 1 (2.4%) patient had mutations associated with resistance to both NRTI and NNRTI, and 1 (2.4%) patient had mutations potentially associated with low-level resistance to both protease inhibitors and NNRTI. All patients with RAM had a detectable plasma HIV-1 RNA level. Conclusion: Our results indicate the development of RAM during an NNRTI-based regimen and highlight the importance of considering other regimens to avoid treatment failure.

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“…The dominant virus subtypes in this study were CRF35-AD (48%) and A1 (43%), followed by C and CPX (4.8%); these findings were observed in previous studies, in which CRF_35AD was indicated as the dominant subtype in Iran [5, 23]. However, our study additionally observed the CPX subtype in two samples for the first time in Iran.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…This issue forced the physicians to replace the patients’ drug regimen with second-line medications. This may result in new side effects and immense financial burden on health systems [4, 5]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Effective surveillance and appropriate adherence to ART regimens are essential to prevent treatment failure and emerging HIVDR subtypes [4]. Despite the effort that has been made in this regard, recent studies have reported some cases of first-line treatment failure [5, 7]. However, the evidence is limited and the need for more studies with larger sample size is granted in order to explain the current situation of HIVDR in the country.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Acquired HIV Drug Resistance among People Living with HIV Who Have Taken Antiretroviral Therapy for 9–15 Months in 14 Triangular Clinics in Iran, 2015–2016

et al. 2018

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Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate drug resistance patterns among Iranian people living with HIV who have taken antiretroviral therapy for 9–15 months. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2015 and May 2016. Two hundred fifty-two blood samples were collected from all eligible HIV-infected patients at fourteen healthcare settings, located in major provinces in Iran. The samples were examined for presence of drug resistance strains and viral load level. Moreover, a phylogenetic tree, using neighbor joining, was constructed and HIV subtypes were determined. Results: The most common subtypes were CRF35-AD (47.6%) and A1 (42.8%), followed by 45_CPX (4.8%) and C (4.8%). The resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), and protease inhibitors was reported as 19.2, 19.2, and 10.3%, respectively. M184I/V mutation was the most frequent (31.6%) mutation among NRTI-based regimens. Moreover, K103E/N was the most frequent (34.2%) NNRTI mutation. Conclusions: This is the first study to illuminate the emergence of the CPX genotype among Iranian patients. The drug resistance rate of NNRTIs was similar to that of NRTIs. By assessing drug resistance, it is possible to evaluate the efficacy of treatment and patient adherence to treatment.

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Subtype Classification of Iranian HIV-1 Sequences Registered in the HIV Databases, 2006-2013

Cited by 24 publications

References 18 publications

HIV Drug Resistance and Phylogeny Profile in Naïve and Antiretroviral-Experienced Patients in Tehran, Iran

HIV Drug Resistance and Phylogeny Profile in Naïve and Antiretroviral-Experienced Patients in Tehran, Iran

Drug Resistance-Associated Mutations in Antiretroviral Treatment-Experienced Patients in Kuwait

Evaluation of Acquired HIV Drug Resistance among People Living with HIV Who Have Taken Antiretroviral Therapy for 9–15 Months in 14 Triangular Clinics in Iran, 2015–2016

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