Subtleties in GPCR drug discovery: a medicinal chemistry perspective

Fujioka, Masahiko; Omori, Naoki

doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2012.06.010

Cited by 23 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Because even these partial agonists have a relatively low efficacy, they can be expected to behave similarly to full antagonists in some pharmacological models, especially in cases of low receptor expression. 39 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Anti-Renal Fibrosis Activity of Conformationally Locked Truncated 2-Hexynyl-N⁶-Substituted-(N)-Methanocarba-nucleosides as A₃ Adenosine Receptor Antagonists and Partial Agonists

et al. 2014

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Truncated N6-substituted-(N)-methanocarba-adenosine derivatives with 2-hexynyl substitution were synthesized to examine parallels with corresponding 4′-thioadenosines. Hydrophobic N6 and/or C2 substituents were tolerated in A3AR binding, but only an unsubstituted 6-amino group with a C2-hexynyl group promoted high hA2AAR affinity. A small hydrophobic alkyl (4b and 4c) or N6-cycloalkyl group (4d) showed excellent binding affinity at the hA3AR and was better than an unsubstituted free amino group (4a). A3AR affinities of 3-halobenzylamine derivatives 4f–4i did not differ significantly, with Ki values of 7.8–16.0 nM. N6-Methyl derivative 4b (Ki = 4.9 nM) was a highly selective, low efficacy partial A3AR agonist. All compounds were screened for renoprotective effects in human TGF-β1-stimulated mProx tubular cells, a kidney fibrosis model. Most compounds strongly inhibited TGF-β1-induced collagen I upregulation, and their A3AR binding affinities were proportional to antifibrotic effects; 4b was most potent (IC50 = 0.83 μM), indicating its potential as a good therapeutic candidate for treating renal fibrosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Anti-Renal Fibrosis Activity of Conformationally Locked Truncated 2-Hexynyl-N⁶-Substituted-(N)-Methanocarba-nucleosides as A₃ Adenosine Receptor Antagonists and Partial Agonists

et al. 2014

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“…6). Of course, we emphasize that partial agonist activity of ATP derivatives may be expression level dependent 26 .…”

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confidence: 98%

Agonist-bound structure of the human P2Y12 receptor

Zhang

Gao

et al. 2014

Nature

285

267

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The P2Y12 receptor (P2Y12R), one of eight members of the P2YR family expressed in humans, has been identified as one of the most prominent clinical drug targets for inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consequently, extensive mutagenesis and modeling studies of the P2Y12R have revealed many aspects of agonist/antagonist binding1-4. However, the details of agonist and antagonist recognition and function at the P2Y12R remain poorly understood at the molecular level. Here, we report the structures of the human P2Y12R in complex with a full agonist 2-methylthio-adenosine-5′-diphosphate (2MeSADP, a close analogue of endogenous agonist ADP) at 2.5 Å resolution, and the corresponding ATP derivative 2-methylthio-adenosine-5′-triphosphate (2MeSATP) at 3.1 Å resolution. Analysis of these structures, together with the structure of the P2Y12R with antagonist ethyl 6-(4-((benzylsulfonyl)carbamoyl)piperidin-1-yl)-5-cyano-2-methylnicotinate (AZD1283)5, reveals dramatic conformational changes between nucleotide and non-nucleotide ligand complexes in the extracellular regions, providing the first insight into a different ligand binding landscape in the δ-group of class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Agonist and non-nucleotide antagonist adopt different orientations in the P2Y12R, with only partially overlapped binding pockets. The agonist-bound P2Y12R structure answers long-standing ambiguities surrounding P2Y12R-agonist recognition, and reveals interactions with several residues that had not been reported to be involved in agonist binding. As a first example of a GPCR where agonist access to the binding pocket requires large scale rearrangements in the highly malleable extracellular region, the structural studies therefore will provide invaluable insight into the pharmacology and mechanisms of action of agonists and different classes of antagonists for the P2Y12R and potentially for other closely related P2YRs.

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“…Compared with other biological therapeutics, such as mAbs, AT-001 is sufficiently small to result in good tumor penetration. Development of small molecule-based RXFP1 antagonists would not be trivial given the lack of X-ray crystal structure and appropriate bioassays, and the general difficulty associated with developing small molecules that modulate GPCRs (Fujioka & Omori 2012). However, some progress has recently been made in developing a small-molecule agonist of RXFP1 (Xiao et al 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relaxin receptor antagonist AT-001 synergizes with docetaxel in androgen-independent prostate xenografts

Neschadim¹,

Pritzker²,

Pritzker³

et al. 2014

Endocrine-Related Cancer

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Androgen hormones and the androgen receptor (AR) pathway are the main targets of anti-hormonal therapies for prostate cancer. However, resistance inevitably develops to treatments aimed at the AR pathway resulting in androgen-independent or hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). Therefore, there is a significant unmet need for new, non-androgen anti-hormonal strategies for the management of prostate cancer. We demonstrate that a relaxin hormone receptor antagonist, AT-001, an analog of human H2 relaxin, represents a first-in-class anti-hormonal candidate treatment designed to significantly curtail the growth of androgenindependent human prostate tumor xenografts. Chemically synthesized AT-001, administered subcutaneously, suppressed PC3 xenograft growth by up to 60%. AT-001 also synergized with docetaxel, standard first-line chemotherapy for HRPC, to suppress tumor growth by more than 98% in PC3 xenografts via a mechanism involving the downregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha and the hypoxia-induced response. Our data support developing AT-001 for clinical use as an anti-relaxin hormonal therapy for advanced prostate cancer.

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Subtleties in GPCR drug discovery: a medicinal chemistry perspective

Cited by 23 publications

References 31 publications

Synthesis and Anti-Renal Fibrosis Activity of Conformationally Locked Truncated 2-Hexynyl-N⁶-Substituted-(N)-Methanocarba-nucleosides as A₃ Adenosine Receptor Antagonists and Partial Agonists

Synthesis and Anti-Renal Fibrosis Activity of Conformationally Locked Truncated 2-Hexynyl-N⁶-Substituted-(N)-Methanocarba-nucleosides as A₃ Adenosine Receptor Antagonists and Partial Agonists

Agonist-bound structure of the human P2Y12 receptor

Relaxin receptor antagonist AT-001 synergizes with docetaxel in androgen-independent prostate xenografts

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Subtleties in GPCR drug discovery: a medicinal chemistry perspective

Cited by 23 publications

References 31 publications

Synthesis and Anti-Renal Fibrosis Activity of Conformationally Locked Truncated 2-Hexynyl-N6-Substituted-(N)-Methanocarba-nucleosides as A3 Adenosine Receptor Antagonists and Partial Agonists

Synthesis and Anti-Renal Fibrosis Activity of Conformationally Locked Truncated 2-Hexynyl-N6-Substituted-(N)-Methanocarba-nucleosides as A3 Adenosine Receptor Antagonists and Partial Agonists

Agonist-bound structure of the human P2Y12 receptor

Relaxin receptor antagonist AT-001 synergizes with docetaxel in androgen-independent prostate xenografts

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Synthesis and Anti-Renal Fibrosis Activity of Conformationally Locked Truncated 2-Hexynyl-N⁶-Substituted-(N)-Methanocarba-nucleosides as A₃ Adenosine Receptor Antagonists and Partial Agonists

Synthesis and Anti-Renal Fibrosis Activity of Conformationally Locked Truncated 2-Hexynyl-N⁶-Substituted-(N)-Methanocarba-nucleosides as A₃ Adenosine Receptor Antagonists and Partial Agonists