Subthreshold low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation selectively decreases facilitation in the motor cortex

Romero, José R.; Anschel, David J.; Sparing, Roland; Gangitano, Massimo; Pascual‐Leone, Álvaro

doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(01)00693-9

Cited by 206 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…To test whether rTMS at this site actually interfered with M1, we studied rTMS-induced changes in single-pulse TMS measures of corticospinal excitability, i.e., rMT and MEP size, before and after the rTMS procedure. Consistent with previous reports (11,17,18,36,37,40,46,56,57), 1-Hz rTMS resulted in an acute reduction of corticospinal excitability (Fig. 2).…”

Section: Role Of Primary Motor Cortex In Maximal Voluntary Forcesupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Still, the precise mechanism of how rTMS interfered with motor performance is unclear. One possibility is that chronic 1-Hz rTMS activated cortical inhibitory interneurons (11,17,18,36,37,40,46,56,57) and reduced cortical and corticospinal excitability (Figs. 2 and 3) and the responsiveness of M1 to stimulation arising from central drive.…”

Section: Role Of Primary Motor Cortex In Maximal Voluntary Forcementioning

confidence: 99%

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Chronic low-frequency rTMS of primary motor cortex diminishes exercise training-induced gains in maximal voluntary force in humans

Hortobágyi¹,

Richardson²,

Lomarev³

et al. 2009

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Hortobágyi T, Richardson SP, Lomarev M, Shamim E, Meunier S, Russman H, Dang N, Hallett M. Chronic low-frequency rTMS of primary motor cortex diminishes exercise training-induced gains in maximal voluntary force in humans. J Appl Physiol 106: 403-411, 2009. First published November 13, 2008 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.90701.2008Although there is consensus that the central nervous system mediates the increases in maximal voluntary force (maximal voluntary contraction, MVC) produced by resistance exercise, the involvement of the primary motor cortex (M1) in these processes remains controversial. We hypothesized that 1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of M1 during resistance training would diminish strength gains. Forty subjects were divided equally into five groups. Subjects voluntarily (Vol) abducted the first dorsal interosseus (FDI) (5 bouts ϫ 10 repetitions, 10 sessions, 4 wk) at 70 -80% MVC. Another group also exercised but in the 1-min-long interbout rest intervals they received rTMS [VolϩrTMS, 1 Hz, FDI motor area, 300 pulses/ session, 120% of the resting motor threshold (rMT)]. The third group also exercised and received sham rTMS (VolϩSham). The fourth group received only rTMS (rTMS_only). The 37.5% and 33.3% gains in MVC in Vol and VolϩSham groups, respectively, were greater (P ϭ 0.001) than the 18.9% gain in VolϩrTMS, 1.9% in rTMS_only, and 2.6% in unexercised control subjects who received no stimulation. Acutely, within sessions 5 and 10, single-pulse TMS revealed that motor-evoked potential size and recruitment curve slopes were reduced in VolϩrTMS and rTMS_only groups and accumulated to chronic reductions by session 10. There were no changes in rMT, maximum compound action potential amplitude (M max), and peripherally evoked twitch forces in the trained FDI and the untrained abductor digiti minimi. Although contributions from spinal sources cannot be excluded, the data suggest that M1 may play a role in mediating neural adaptations to strength training. muscle; transcranial magnetic stimulation; cortical excitability IT IS WELL ESTABLISHED that neural mechanisms mediate the initial gains in maximal voluntary strength in response to chronic resistance exercise (9,16,19,20,39). However, there is disagreement concerning the magnitude and nature of involvement of specific structures of the central nervous system in neuronal adaptations to chronic exercise. A handful of studies used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to determine whether the primary motor cortex (M1) contributes to neuronal adaptations to resistance training-induced increases in voluntary force (9,25,30). Carroll et al. (9) found that resistance training did not modify the size of the TMSproduced motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) at rest, but the force of the first dorsal interosseus muscle (FDI) at which maximum MEP amplitude occurred significantly shifted from ϳ50% maximal voluntary force (maximal voluntary contraction, MVC) before training to ϳ35% MVC after training. Coupled with data produced by transcranial ele...

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Section: Role Of Primary Motor Cortex In Maximal Voluntary Forcesupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Role Of Primary Motor Cortex In Maximal Voluntary Forcementioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic low-frequency rTMS of primary motor cortex diminishes exercise training-induced gains in maximal voluntary force in humans

Hortobágyi¹,

Richardson²,

Lomarev³

et al. 2009

Journal of Applied Physiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Subthreshold, low-frequency rTMS was applied to the hand area of the left M1 for 10 min using an established protocol to induce LTD-like plasticity (23) (Fig. 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DWI can be used to evaluate morphological changes in cortical microstructures (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19) and can function as a probe to estimate immediate and transient changes in water diffusion that are associated with ischemia (17) or neuronal firing (13,16,19) and delayed and persistent changes that are associated with long-term plasticity in experimental settings (20) or pathological conditions (15,18,21). Here, using DWI techniques, we examined whether subthreshold, low-frequency (<1 Hz) rTMS to the left primary motor cortex (M1), a protocol that induces LTD-like plasticity (22,23), increased water diffusion in the left M1 and other regions after the end of rTMS. Because it can be assumed that the motion of water molecules is not restricted to particular directions, that is, water diffusion is not anisotropic within cortical tissue, we measured the DWI signals along a single direction (Methods), which enabled us to extrapolate mean water diffusion in gray matter in the sampled direction (16).…”

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confidence: 99%

Water diffusion reveals networks that modulate multiregional morphological plasticity after repetitive brain stimulation

Abe

Fukuyama

Mima

2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Repetitive brain stimulation protocols induce plasticity in the stimulated site in brain slice models. Recent evidence from network models has indicated that additional plasticity-related changes occur in nonstimulated remote regions. Despite increasing use of brain stimulation protocols in experimental and clinical settings, the neural substrates underlying the additional effects in remote regions are unknown. Diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) probes water diffusion and can be used to estimate morphological changes in cortical tissue that occur with the induction of plasticity. Using DWI techniques, we estimated morphological changes induced by application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left primary motor cortex (M1). We found that rTMS altered water diffusion in multiple regions including the left M1. Notably, the change in water diffusion was retained longest in the left M1 and remote regions that had a correlation of baseline fluctuations in water diffusion before rTMS. We conclude that synchronization of water diffusion at rest between stimulated and remote regions ensures retention of rTMS-induced changes in water diffusion in remote regions. Synchronized fluctuations in the morphology of cortical microstructures between stimulated and remote regions might identify networks that allow retention of plasticityrelated morphological changes in multiple regions after brain stimulation protocols. These results increase our understanding of the effects of brain stimulation-induced plasticity on multiregional brain networks. DWI techniques could provide a tool to evaluate treatment effects of brain stimulation protocols in patients with brain disorders.R epetitive electrical brain stimulation induces long-term potentiation (LTP) or depression (LTD) at the stimulated neurons (1-4). In humans, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) alters cortical excitability at the stimulated site that outlasts the end of the stimulation, analogous to LTP or LTD in animal models (5, 6), but also affects remote regions, possibly through transsynaptic pathways (7,8). Although rTMS has been proposed as a potential treatment for neurological and psychiatric disorders (9, 10) and as a method to facilitate learning (11), the neural substrates underlying the effects of rTMS on remote regions of the brain remain poorly understood.Diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) probes water diffusion, a thermal physical phenomena that is characterized by random motion of water molecules (12). Water diffusion is altered by the structures of gray matter (12). DWI can be used to evaluate morphological changes in cortical microstructures (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19) and can function as a probe to estimate immediate and transient changes in water diffusion that are associated with ischemia (17) or neuronal firing (13,16,19) and delayed and persistent changes that are associated with long-term plasticity in experimental settings (20) or pathological conditions (15,18,21). Here, using DWI techniques, we examined whether subt...

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“…This interpretation, however, implies that low frequency rTMS as used in the current study increases the activity of inhibitory interneurons. As several studies suggested, low-frequency rTMS of the primary motor cortex does not lead to increased intracortical inhibition as revealed by subsequent paired-pulse TMS (Brighina et al, 2005;Daskalakis et al, 2006;Fitzgerald et al, 2002;Romero et al, 2002). Based on this evidence it seems less likely that the observed increased rCBF results from an active inhibition process induced by low-frequency rTMS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Time-course of “off-line” prefrontal rTMS effects — a PET study

et al. 2008

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Subthreshold low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation selectively decreases facilitation in the motor cortex

Cited by 206 publications

References 28 publications

Chronic low-frequency rTMS of primary motor cortex diminishes exercise training-induced gains in maximal voluntary force in humans

Chronic low-frequency rTMS of primary motor cortex diminishes exercise training-induced gains in maximal voluntary force in humans

Water diffusion reveals networks that modulate multiregional morphological plasticity after repetitive brain stimulation

Time-course of “off-line” prefrontal rTMS effects — a PET study

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