Subterranean Waterworks of Biblical Jerusalem: Adaptation of a Karst System

Gill, Dan

doi:10.1126/science.254.5037.1467

Cited by 24 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…This rationale appealed to many others [1e4, 26,27,30,31] because it seemed to solve the above-mentioned enigmas with one simple theory. In a well-known publication in the journal 'Science' Gill [27] expanded KH and concluded that ST (as well as other waterworks beneath ancient Jerusalem) 'was fashioned essentially by skillful enlargement of natural (karstic) dissolution channels'. If true, KH implies that ST is not a special technical achievement, but rather an elegant adaptation of a natural feature.…”

Section: The Siloam Tunnelmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Tunnel engineering in the Iron Age: geoarchaeology of the Siloam Tunnel, Jerusalem

Frumkin

Shimron

2006

Journal of Archaeological Science

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Section: The Siloam Tunnelmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Gill [26,27] suggested that an original karst conduit was followed and totally obliterated by subsequent hewing. Our survey of many kilometers-long cave passages around Jerusalem [14,18,20,21] shows that the cross section varies significantly along each passage.…”

Section: Geological Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Tunnel engineering in the Iron Age: geoarchaeology of the Siloam Tunnel, Jerusalem

Frumkin

Shimron

2006

Journal of Archaeological Science

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“…However, Iron Age underground construction became more generalized with large underground storage and water supply systems. An example is the 700 m of tunnelling underneath old Jerusalem (Gill 1991(Gill : 1467. Construction of artificial caves for funerary purposes became widespread and their functional use continued until the beginning of Christianity, as demonstrated by the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem (Broshi 1991: 83).…”

Section: Underground Burial Chamber Traditionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stable Isotope Dietary Analysis on Human Remains: A case Study at Khirbet Aqabet Al Qadi Burial Chamber, Nablus, Palestine

et al. 2019

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In 2016, a burial chamber hewn into limestone was discovered at Khirbet Aqabet Al Qadi on the northwestern slope of Mount Ebal, 2km north of the city center of Nablus. The floor of the chamber is 3.15 × 2.9 m and the height averages 1.8 m. A movable closure at the entrance consists of a limestone slab. The burial chamber houses four sarcophagi. The aim of this case study is to give information not only on the burial chamber but also, for the first time in the region, on human remains. Stable isotope analysis of a human bone sample enabled us to obtain dietary information on one individual. Due to low collagen content, the sample did not allow precise dating but it can be placed between 50 BC and 50 AD. Systematic illegal excavation and looting at funerary sites in the Nablus area has caused material for potential information to be missing at the site. Nonetheless, the dietary information obtained supports other material finds indicating Mediterranean agricultural use of the land. Our evidence demonstrates that the site dates to between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD.

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“…In the Surata of the flies of the Koran, the impiety of the inhabitants of that kingdom made it disappear because of water, the same element that had allowed its prosperity. 8 Even today, Israel carefully monitors its water supply and only a powerful interconnected network is able to meet its needs. The Palestinian entity will quickly face the lack of water and, therefore, its dependence on the Hebrew state.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2018

IJH

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The hydrological cycle and the mythical conception of water The water cycle comprises four parts: a. The sea b. To a minimum extent, the vegetation cover c. Atmospheric water: water vapor and clouds (transfer, condensation, precipitation) d. The superficial continental water (rivers, lakes) and subterranean water that ends up returning to the sea after a more or less long time, except for the fossil waters. For millennia, humanity has considered water as a non-modifiable element of the globe, like air; and in antiquity, in an essentially rural world, water was greatly disconnected from economic circuits since the source, the river, the well and the cistern fed the populations without any cost or very low, depending on the servile condition or not of the workforce. Water was a gift from the gods. The aversion to modify the cycle of nature is evident even in the ancient Romans and city dwellers in particular. So they turned the mills night and day and fed giant fountains and hot springs. The nautical games needed the creation of specific circuses, the naumaquias. The historian Pierre Grimal calls Rome "the city of water", since eleven important aqueducts fed the city at the end of the empire. But, already to the 144 before J.C., the technique of the inverted siphons was dominated thanks to the use of conduits of lead, abundant metal in present-day Spain. According to bibliographical sources, the available water transported per inhabitant reached in Rome approximately 1000liters/ day under the rule of Trajan (98-117 after J.C.). But this evaluation does not take into account huge leaks and losses of the old network. Fall Rome, then Constantinople, the taste for the fountains, for the water games and the hot springs is perpetuated and perfected in the Arab and Persian world, before penetrating again in Europe in the Baroque period. However, the fashion of thermalism only really took place in the eighteenth century and especially in the nineteenth century, with the rediscovery of the body and the cult of hygiene. Marienbad, Vichy, Baden-Baden, Spa, Bath and Montecatini flourished. In France, the Empress Eugenia promoted by her example the spas. Guy de Maupassant realistically describes in "Mont-Oriol" (1887), the birth of a thermal city in the countryside. 3,4 Water was a gift from the gods as the source tree or holy tree of the Canary Islands, which captured water from the mist until 1610 and fed the pre-Columbian populations of the island of Hierro. 5 For the Incas, Lake Titicaca was the center of the original world. In Aztec Mexico, Tlaloc was the god of rain. Symbolized by a frog or a frog, it was the divinity of the peasants. In fact, water was the essential factor in the stability and organization of the pre-Columbian peoples of Mexico. Finally, in the new world, around 1730, the coming of rain was still a divine phenomenon for Bartolomeo Arzáns, chronicler of Potosí, the largest American city of the seventeenth century. 6 Water as a danger and source of conflict One of the sources of danger and conflicts of wat...

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Subterranean Waterworks of Biblical Jerusalem: Adaptation of a Karst System

Cited by 24 publications

References 6 publications

Tunnel engineering in the Iron Age: geoarchaeology of the Siloam Tunnel, Jerusalem

Tunnel engineering in the Iron Age: geoarchaeology of the Siloam Tunnel, Jerusalem

Stable Isotope Dietary Analysis on Human Remains: A case Study at Khirbet Aqabet Al Qadi Burial Chamber, Nablus, Palestine

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