Subsurface particle monolayer and film formation in softenable substrates: Techniques and thermodynamic criteria

Kovacs, G. J.; Vincett, P. S.

doi:10.1016/0040-6090(84)90350-x

Cited by 65 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Some research groups have used scanning probe microscopy [58,65], X-ray reflectivity [60,61] and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy [63] to study the embedding of metal NPs in polymers. Some studies highlighted a complete embedding of the metal NPs in the polymeric layers [55,56,61,62], while others analyses highlighted only partial embedding [58]. Such a difference is related to the dependence of the embedding process on the polymer chain mobility: so, partial or no embedding can be expected at temperatures below the polymer glass-transition temperature Tg, while NP complete embedding is observed at temperatures higher than Tg [62].…”

Section: Polymer Films With Embedded Metal Nanoparticles Exploiting Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So, the Gibbs free energy minimization of the system is the driving force for embedding of metal-NPs in polymers. In particular, the surface Gibbs free energy is effectively reduced by NPs embedding if γm > γp + γMP being γm the metal surface tension, γp the polymer surface tension, and γmp the metal-polymer interfacial tension [55,56]. This condition is, usually, fulfilled for metal NPs on a polymer given the fact that metals have surface energies two orders of magnitude higher than the polymers.…”

Section: Polymer Films With Embedded Metal Nanoparticles Exploiting Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The metal NPs' embedding process into the polymer layer can be understood on the basis of surface free energy considerations: the Gibbs free energy of a metal NP inside a polymer is lower than that of the NP at the polymer surface [55,56]. So, the Gibbs free energy minimization of the system is the driving force for embedding of metal-NPs in polymers.…”

Section: Polymer Films With Embedded Metal Nanoparticles Exploiting Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A method, alternative to metals and polymers co-deposition processes, to produce polymer-metal nanocomposite films is based on the embedding phenomenon of metal NPs deposited on the polymers surface [27,30,31,[55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65]. For example, in fact, first the polymer can be spin-coated on a substrate and the thickness of the polymer layer can be controlled by the process parameters (rpm, etc.…”

Section: Polymer Films With Embedded Metal Nanoparticles Exploiting Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metal-Polymer Nanocomposites: (Co-)Evaporation/(Co)Sputtering Approaches and Electrical Properties

Torrisi

Ruffino

2015

Coatings

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Abstract:In this review, we discuss the basic concepts related to (co-)evaporation and (co)sputtering based fabrication methods and the electrical properties of polymer-metal nanocomposite films. Within the organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposites research framework, the field related to metal-polymer nanocomposites is attracting much interest. In fact, it is opening pathways for engineering flexible composites that exhibit advantageous electrical, optical, or mechanical properties. The metal-polymer nanocomposites research field is, now, a wide, complex, and important part of the nanotechnology revolution. So, with this review we aim, starting from the discussion of specific cases, to focus our attention on the basic microscopic mechanisms and processes and the general concepts suitable for the interpretation of material properties and structure-property correlations. The review aims, in addition, to provide a comprehensive schematization of the main technological applications currently in development worldwide.

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Section: Polymer Films With Embedded Metal Nanoparticles Exploiting Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Polymer Films With Embedded Metal Nanoparticles Exploiting Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Polymer Films With Embedded Metal Nanoparticles Exploiting Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Polymer Films With Embedded Metal Nanoparticles Exploiting Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Metal-Polymer Nanocomposites: (Co-)Evaporation/(Co)Sputtering Approaches and Electrical Properties

Torrisi

Ruffino

2015

Coatings

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“…In addition to their technological interest, polymer nanocomposite films are model systems for exploring the fundamental thermodynamic principles that govern metallic NP embedding into a surface. Kovacs et al [19,20] showed that complete embedding of a NP into a polymer melt is expected if γ M > γ P + γ MP , where γ M and γ P are the surface energies of the metallic NP and polymer, respectively, and γ MP is the NP-polymer interfacial energy. This condition is usually satisfied for metal NPs on a polymer (since, generally, metals have surface energies two orders of magnitude higher than the polymers) and thus complete embedding is expected [19,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the embedding kinetics on the surface nano-morphology of nano-grained Au and Ag films on PS and PMMA layers annealed above the glass transition temperature

et al. 2012

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The morphology evolution of nano-grained Ag and Au films deposited on polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymeric layers were studied, using the atomic force microscopy technique, when annealed above the polymers glass transition temperature. The main effects on the morphology changes were identified with those concerning the embedding kinetics of the Ag and Au nanoparticles in the PS or PMMA layers. The embedding process of the nanoparticles follows as a consequence of the long-range mobility of the polymeric chains above the glass transition temperature. In particular, the dependence of the nanoparticles mean height and surface density on the annealing time at various temperatures was quantified. The analyses of these behaviors allowed us: (1) to distinguish the overall embedding process in a first stage in which a thin wetting layer of the polymer coats the nanoparticles followed by a true embedding process of the nanoparticles into the polymer layer; (2) to evaluate the characteristic coating time for the Ag and Au nanoparticles in the PS and PMMA in the first stage; (3) to evaluate the characteristic embedding velocity for the Ag and Au nanoparticles in the PS and PMMA in the second stage; (4) to derive the activation energies for the embedding process of the Ag and Au nanoparticles in PS F. Ruffino ( ) · M.G. Grimaldi

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Nanofillers: Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles in Viscous Polymer

Степанов

2012

Wiley Encyclopedia of Composites

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New methods are proposed for synthesizing metal nanoparticles in a polymer matrix. In a first method, these nanoparticles are synthesized by thermal vacuum evaporation of silver onto the surface of a viscous‐fluid epoxy resin (at a viscosity of 20–120 Pa s) at room temperature, which is well below the glass‐transition temperature of the polymer. As a result, epoxy resin layers contain silver nanoparticles in their volume form. Various types of disperse structures formed by metallic nanoparticles in the polymer are detected. The morphology of the composite material is found to be controlled by the polymer viscosity and the metal deposition time. A second method is described for the ion synthesis of silver nanoparticles in epoxy resin that is in a viscous‐fluid state (viscosity 30 Pa s) during irradiation. The viscous‐fluid or glassy polymer is implanted by 30‐keV silver ions. The epoxy layers thus synthesized contain silver nanoparticles. The use of the viscous‐fluid state increases the diffusion coefficient of the implanted impurity, which stimulates the nucleation and growth of nanoparticles at low implantation doses and allows a high factor of filling of the polymer with the metal to be achieved.

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Subsurface particle monolayer and film formation in softenable substrates: Techniques and thermodynamic criteria

Cited by 65 publications

References 15 publications

Metal-Polymer Nanocomposites: (Co-)Evaporation/(Co)Sputtering Approaches and Electrical Properties

Metal-Polymer Nanocomposites: (Co-)Evaporation/(Co)Sputtering Approaches and Electrical Properties

Effects of the embedding kinetics on the surface nano-morphology of nano-grained Au and Ag films on PS and PMMA layers annealed above the glass transition temperature

Nanofillers: Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles in Viscous Polymer

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