Substrates of metacognition on perception and metacognition on higher‐order cognition relate to different subsystems of the mentalizing network

Abstract

Humans have the ability to reflect upon their perception, thoughts, and actions, known as metacognition (MC). The brain basis of MC is incompletely understood, and it is debated whether MC on different processes is subserved by common or divergent networks. We combined behavioral phenotyping with multi-modal neuroimaging to investigate whether structural substrates of individual differences in MC on higher-order cognition (MC-C) are dissociable from those underlying MC on perceptual accuracy (MC-P). Motivated by conceptual work suggesting a link between MC and cognitive perspective taking, we furthermore tested for overlaps between MC substrates and mentalizing networks. In a large sample of healthy adults, individual differences in MC-C and MC-P did not correlate. MRI-based cortical thickness mapping revealed a structural basis of this independence, by showing that individual differences in MC-P related to right prefrontal cortical thickness, while MC-C scores correlated with measures in lateral prefrontal, temporo-parietal, and posterior midline regions. Surface-based superficial white matter diffusivity analysis revealed substrates resembling those seen for cortical thickness, confirming the divergence of both MC faculties using an independent imaging marker. Despite their specificity, substrates of MC-C and MC-P fell clearly within networks known to participate in mentalizing, confirmed by task-based fMRI in the same subjects, previous meta-analytical findings, and ad-hoc Neurosynth-based meta-analyses. Our integrative multi-method approach indicates domain-specific substrates of MC; despite their divergence, these nevertheless likely rely on component processes mediated by circuits also involved in mentalizing. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3388-3399, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Finding domain-general metacognitive mechanisms requires using appropriate tasks

“…Also in somewhat of disagreement with our results here, Valk et al (2016) used 2AFC for visual perception and multiple choice questions with three response options for higher-order cognition and found no correlation across these domains. In another study, Garfinkel et al (2016) used a variety of YN and two-choice tasks (e.g.heart-rate synchronicity detection, tactile grating orientation discrimination, inspiratory resistance detection; none of these were 2AFC tasks) and yet found a positive correlation (unlike in our Experiment 3) between cardiac and respiratory metacognition, but not between either of these domains and tactile metacognition.…”

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Structural plasticity of the social brain: Differential change after socio-affective and cognitive mental training

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