Substrate rigidity deforms and polarizes active gels

Banerjee, Shiladitya; Marchetti, M. C.

doi:10.1209/0295-5075/96/28003

Cited by 46 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Because of the simple spatial trends of traction stresses observed in colonies with and without intercellular adhesions, we examined whether a minimal physical model could reproduce the experimental results. We model each cell in a colony as a homogeneous and isotropic elastic material (48,49). In our model, each cell exerts a contractile "pressure" opposed by strong adhesion to a compliant substrate (50).…”

Section: Cadherin-based Adhesions Are Required For Organization Of Trmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cadherin-based intercellular adhesions organize epithelial cell–matrix traction forces

Mertz¹,

Che²,

Banerjee³

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

217

201

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Cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions play essential roles in the function of tissues. There is growing evidence for the importance of cross talk between these two adhesion types, yet little is known about the impact of these interactions on the mechanical coupling of cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Here, we combine experiment and theory to reveal how intercellular adhesions modulate forces transmitted to the ECM. In the absence of cadherin-based adhesions, primary mouse keratinocytes within a colony appear to act independently, with significant traction forces extending throughout the colony. In contrast, with strong cadherin-based adhesions, keratinocytes in a cohesive colony localize traction forces to the colony periphery. Through genetic or antibody-mediated loss of cadherin expression or function, we show that cadherin-based adhesions are essential for this mechanical cooperativity. A minimal physical model in which cell-cell adhesions modulate the physical cohesion between contractile cells is sufficient to recreate the spatial rearrangement of traction forces observed experimentally with varying strength of cadherin-based adhesions. This work defines the importance of cadherin-based cell-cell adhesions in coordinating mechanical activity of epithelial cells and has implications for the mechanical regulation of epithelial tissues during development, homeostasis, and disease. mechanotransduction | traction force microscopy M echanical interactions of individual cells have a crucial role in the spatial organization of tissues (1, 2) and in embryonic development (3-5). The mechanical cooperation of cells is evident in dynamic processes such as flow-induced alignment of vascular endothelial cells (6) and muscle contraction (7). However, mechanical interactions of cells within a tissue also affect the tissue's static mechanical properties including elastic modulus (8), surface tension (9), and fracture toughness (10). Little is known about how these tissue-scale mechanical phenomena emerge from interactions at the molecular and cellular levels (11).Tissue-scale mechanical phenomena are particularly important in developmental morphogenesis (12), homeostasis (13), and wound healing (14) in epithelial tissues. Cells exert mechanical force on each other at sites of intercellular adhesion, typically through cadherins (15, 16), as well as on the underlying extracellular matrix (ECM) through integrins (17-19). Cadherin-based adhesions can alter physical aspects of cells such as the surface tension of cellular aggregates (20) and the spreading (21) and migration (22) of single cells adherent to cadherin-patterned substrates. Integrity of intercellular adhesions may also contribute to metastatic potential (23). We and others have shown that epithelial cell clusters with strong cell-cell adhesions exhibit coordinated mechanical behavior over length scales much larger than a single cell (24-27). Several studies have implicated cross talk between cell-ECM and cell-cell adhesions (28, 29) that can be modulated by ac...

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Section: Cadherin-based Adhesions Are Required For Organization Of Trmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cadherin-based intercellular adhesions organize epithelial cell–matrix traction forces

Mertz¹,

Che²,

Banerjee³

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

217

201

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This type of cell motion has been reproduced in vitro [2] and has been the subject of many modelling studies [3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Prediction of traction forces of motile cells

et al. 2016

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When crawling on a flat substrate, living cells exert forces on it via adhesive contacts, enabling them to build up tension within their cytoskeleton and to change shape. The measurement of these forces has been made possible by traction force microscopy (TFM), a technique which has allowed us to obtain time-resolved traction force maps during cell migration. This cell 'footprint' is, however, not sufficient to understand the details of the mechanics of migration, that is how cytoskeletal elements (respectively, adhesion complexes) are put under tension and reinforce or deform (respectively, mature and/or unbind) as a result. In a recent paper, we have validated a rheological model of actomyosin linking tension, deformation and myosin activity. Here, we complement this model with tentative models of the mechanics of adhesion and explore how closely these models can predict the traction forces that we recover from experimental measurements during cell migration. The resulting mathematical problem is a PDE set on the experimentally observed domain, which we solve using a finite-element approach. The four parameters of the model can then be adjusted by comparison with experimental results on a single frame of an experiment, and then used to test the predictive power of the model for following frames and other experiments. It is found that the basic pattern of traction forces is robustly predicted by the model and fixed parameters as a function of current geometry only.

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“…Radial displacement profiles are fitted to a model (Banerjee and Marchetti, 2011;Banerjee et al, 2014;Edwards and Schwarz, 2011;German et al, 2012;Mertz et al, 2012Mertz et al, , 2013 describing drying SC as a shrinking linear elastic circular disk of time varying thickness h SC , radius R and elastic modulus E SC adhered to a deformable elastic substrate. Reported values of porcine SC elastic modulus established using this model fitting technique fall within the diverse range previously reported for mammalian SC using a variety of in-vivo and ex-vivo techniques .…”

Section: 7mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In cylindrical coordinates, we assume solutions for SC deformations of the form, ,vðr; θ; zÞ ¼ v r ðr; zÞê r þ v z ðr; zÞê z . In the radial direction, force balance requires We average the above equation in the thickness coordinate z and assume a stress free top surface (Banerjee and Marchetti, 2011;Edwards and Schwarz, 2011;German et al, 2012;Mertz et al, 2012). We further assume that the SC does not slip relative to the substrate.…”

Section: 7mentioning

confidence: 99%