Substitution von Rohstoffen – Rahmenbedingungen und Umsetzung

Schebek, Liselotte; Becker, Beatrix

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39704-2_1

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Information can also be transmitted via glass fiber cables, directional antennae, satellite transmission, or mobile phone systems. Substitution can therefore be material (glass fiber vs. copper) or functional (via satellite or mobile phone antennae) (Schebek and Becker 2014).…”

Section: The Role Of Substitutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Volatility drivers on the metal market and exposure of producing countries

Renner

Wellmer

2019

Miner Econ

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The paper focuses on minor metals and coupled elements and aspires to understand individual incidents of imbalance on the mineral markets during the last 100 years and gain insight into the acting dynamics-those dynamics are commodity-specific but remain largely unchanged in their nature to date-and to identify the factors in play. The conclusions allow for a critical analysis of the widespread security-of-supply narrative of industrialized countries. They point at a market that is mostly a buyers' market, in which prices and their volatility are largely dictated by shifting demand patterns and much less by supply constraints. Neither high country concentration nor poor governance seem to have a substantial or lasting impact on market balance. Short-term market imbalances are generally neutralized by a dynamic reaction on the demand side via substitution, efficiency gains or technological change. The paper also assesses the impact of those quickly shifting demand patterns and the related price volatilities on producing countries. It shows how mineral price volatilities can expose developing countries' economies to significant economic risk, if their economy is heavily dependent on mineral production. Two cases that illustrate country exposure are explored in detail-the saltpeter crisis in Chile and the tin crisis in Bolivia. Both led to state bankruptcy. The paper concludes with an attempt to quantify economic exposure of producing countries to price volatilities of specific metals and suggests policies that adapt to the characteristic challenges of highly volatile demand.

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Section: The Role Of Substitutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Substitution can also be obtained via functional substitution (Halme et al 2012;Schebek and Becker 2014): by replacing permanent magnets in synchronous motors with induction motors, for example, or by employing ferrite motors that do not require rare earth elements.…”

Section: Rare Earth Elements (Ree)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Volatility drivers on the metal market and exposure of producing countries

Renner

Wellmer

2019

Miner Econ

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“…The production of these materials requires energy. Investment in energy and non-energy Because energy resources occupy the top of this hierarchy, it makes sense to conserve energy by using more raw materials of lower ranking, rather than materials from the top levels, by applying technological substitution [65].…”

Section: A Hierarchy Of Natural Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Putting Phosphorus First: The Need to Know and Right to Know Call for a Revised Hierarchy of Natural Resources

Wellmer

Scholz

2017

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Abstract:The aim of this paper is to develop two concepts regarding phosphorus that will serve as a contribution fulfilling the call for intergenerational equity: to improve knowledge of future resources and to develop a framework by setting priorities for maximizing availability with a hierarchy of natural resources. The increasing human demand for minerals and metals is causing persistent concern about long-term supply security. This holds true particularly for phosphorus. Phosphorus is bioessential; it cannot be substituted. There are no unlimited resources for phosphorus. The question of how large the reserves are and the potential for finding additional reserves and resources for a long-term supply are, therefore, of interest to numerous stakeholders, from governments to individuals. We examine governments' needs and individuals' rights to know private exploration data. Because of the essential nature of phosphorus, we emphasize the public's special right to know as much as possible about phosphate reserves, resources and the geopotential for new discoveries, based upon the basic human right to feed oneself in dignity. To fulfill the call for intergenerational equity, however, knowledge alone is not enough; guidelines for management have to follow. This can be achieved by defining a hierarchy of natural resources for setting priorities. For humankind's technological and cultural development, a sufficient supply of energy resources must be considered the key element; therefore, efforts to maximize information that will enable best decisions to be made have been the strongest. A hierarchy of natural resources with fossil and nuclear energies at the top was proposed. However, with the new development of renewable forms of energy and the decreasing role of fossil-fuel energy, the hierarchy of natural resources that defines priorities must be revised. We propose a hierarchy that replaces fossil-fuel energy at the top with phosphorus.

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“…Numerous countries have since reacted to this resource policy with their own research into efficiency optimization of technologies and the substitution of REEs. "Robust decision making" [16] is being promoted in this respect. This refers to decisions that can be adapted when unforeseen problems occur.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<i>Shaping the future with Rare Earth Elements</i> – Model Experiments for “damage monitoring” with [Eu(DBM)<SUB>4</SUB>TEA] and for Recycling of Neodymium(III) Sulfate from Hard Disk Magnets

Prechtl¹,

Schmidt²

2019

WJCE

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Rare Earth Elements (REEs: Sc, Y, La-Lu) are found in numerous future-oriented applications such as in magnets for green technologies and in fluorescing materials. A shortage of resources is already forecast for diverse REEs, which suggests it may be necessary to recycle these elements and optimize technologies. Both aspects will be addressed in this paper. Model experiments with regards to damage monitoring using [Eu(DBM) 4 TEA] and the recycling of neodymium(III) sulfate in hard disk magnets will also be presented. These are experiments for teachers and students who already have advanced experimental experience, such as trainees at vocational schools.

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Substitution von Rohstoffen – Rahmenbedingungen und Umsetzung

Cited by 9 publications

References 2 publications

Volatility drivers on the metal market and exposure of producing countries

Volatility drivers on the metal market and exposure of producing countries

Putting Phosphorus First: The Need to Know and Right to Know Call for a Revised Hierarchy of Natural Resources

<i>Shaping the future with Rare Earth Elements</i> – Model Experiments for “damage monitoring” with [Eu(DBM)<SUB>4</SUB>TEA] and for Recycling of Neodymium(III) Sulfate from Hard Disk Magnets

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