Substance use and related harms in the context of COVID-19: a conceptual model

Enns, Aganeta; Pinto, Adena; Venugopal, Jeyasakthi; Grywacheski, Vera; Gheorghe, Mihaela; Kakkar, Tanya; Farmanara, Noushon; Deb, Bhumika; Noon, Amy; Orpana, Heather

doi:10.24095/hpcdp.40.11/12.03

Cited by 28 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…During lockdown in Canada, nearly a quarter and one-tenth of adults reported increased alcohol consumption and cannabis use, respectively (Price, 2020). In other words, when people are more adversely affected by the pandemic and worry about the disease, they may be more likely to use substances to cope with their distress (Enns et al, 2020). While no studies to date have explicitly examined the psychological impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on LGBTQ people, we anticipate that this vulnerable group also suffers from the mental health challenges arising from COVID-19 and are likely to use substances to cope with their distress.…”

Section: Covid-19 Pandemic Psychological Health and Substance Usementioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on same-sex couples’ conflict avoidance, relational quality, and mental health

Samp

2021

Journal of Social and Personal Relationships

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The COVID-19 pandemic has seriously impacted the management and trajectory of same-sex relationships. This study considered the mediational role of same-sex partners’ conflict avoidance and the moderating roles of individual and contextual vulnerability factors in the face of the pandemic. Results showed that greater adverse daily life impacts and higher perceived threat of COVID-19 predicted more complaint avoidance, which in turn predicted lower relationship satisfaction and higher anxiety, depression, and substance use. Being a person of color and having higher internalized homophobia exacerbated the pandemic’s negative effects on relationship satisfaction. While moving in with partners during the pandemic was related to more complaint avoidance, lower relational satisfaction, higher relationship termination intentions, and greater mental health risks, it also buffered the negative effects of the pandemic on relational well-being. Same-sex couples are encouraged to constructively solve relational issues and actively discuss moving in decisions. More efforts should be devoted to understanding multiple pandemic-related stressors facing same-sex couples.

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Section: Covid-19 Pandemic Psychological Health and Substance Usementioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on same-sex couples’ conflict avoidance, relational quality, and mental health

Samp

2021

Journal of Social and Personal Relationships

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“…All the twelve included articles concluded, at least theoretically, that having a preexisting diagnosis of SUD increased the risk of infection with SARS-CoV2 [ 2 ▪▪ , 3 ▪▪ , 7 , 8 , 9 ▪ , 10 , 11 ▪ – 13 ▪ , 14 – 16 ]. Among those diagnosed with COVID-19, a significant proportion had diagnoses of SUDs [ 2 ▪▪ , 3 ▪▪ , 7 , 8 , 9 ▪ , 10 , 11 ▪ – 13 ▪ , 14 – 16 ]. This increased risk can be further stratified into socioeconomic disparities and medical comorbidities.…”

Section: Substance Use and Risk Of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the large proportion of individuals within these communities who have SUDs, this represents another factor contributing to the increased risk of infection [ 11 ▪ , 12 ▪ ]. Due to lockdown measures and social distancing protocols that were enforced, often for prolonged periods of time, the normal supply and access patterns of various substances were interrupted or altered [ 14 ]. This disruption may cause people with SUDs to seek new sources or increase the chances of multiple individuals sharing needles, joints, or other drug-associated paraphernalia which can increase risk of exposure to SARS-CoV2 and developing COVID-19 [ 14 ].…”

Section: Substance Use and Risk Of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eleven of the twelve articles also concluded that a history of substance use increases the risk of most adverse outcomes from COVID-19 infection, including hospitalization due to severe disease and even death [ 2 ▪▪ , 3 ▪▪ , 7 , 8 , 9 ▪ , 10 , 11 ▪ – 13 ▪ , 14 – 16 ]Table 1 . It was estimated that the increase in the risk of hospitalization due to complications from COVID-19 ranged as high as 50% [ 3 ▪▪ , 9 ▪ ].…”

Section: Substance Use and Outcomes From Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of substance use on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection risks and outcomes

Balaram

Marwaha

Kaelber

2021

Current Opinion in Psychiatry

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Purpose of review Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) infection rates are currently occurring at alarmingly accelerated rates. There is also a long-standing and concurrent rise in the prevalence and severity of substance use disorders (SUD). Therefore, the intersection between these two conditions needs to be carefully considered to ensure a more effective delivery of healthcare. Recent findings Generally, those with SUDs are more likely to have higher risk social determinants of health factors. Therefore, these patients are more likely to have barriers that can create difficulties in following appropriate infection control measures which in turn increases the risk of exposure to SARS-CoV2. In addition, these individuals have higher rates of medical comorbidities which increases the risk of all adverse outcomes, including mortality, from SARS-CoV2 infection. Summary Individuals with SUDs are at increased risk of both contracting SARS-CoV2 infection and suffering from worse outcomes afterwards. Though these risks of adverse outcomes are specific of SARS-CoV2 infection, the risk of exposure to other infectious diseases is increased in this population too. Healthcare providers and policymakers should then consider how to better protect this at-risk population and alleviate this increased disease burden.

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“…The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and national and state stay-at-home orders will likely have a disproportionate adverse effect on individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) due to disruptions in the availability and accessibility of treatment, changes in social support and networks, isolation, and stress-associated increases in substance use or relapse ( Enns et al, 2020 ). Service organizations changed naloxone distribution practices, which may have decreased distribution ( Ostrach et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of the national stay-at-home order on emergency department visits for suspected opioid overdose during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic

Root

Slavova

Larochelle

et al. 2021

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background Although national syndromic surveillance data reported declines in emergency department (ED) visits after the declaration of the national stay-at-home order for COVID-19, little is known whether these declines were observed for suspected opioid overdose. Methods This interrupted time series study used syndromic surveillance data from four states participating in the HEALing Communities Study: Kentucky, Massachusetts, New York, and Ohio. All ED encounters for suspected opioid overdose (n = 48,301) occurring during the first 31 weeks of 2020 were included. We examined the impact of the national public health emergency for COVID-19 (declared on March 14, 2020) on trends in ED encounters for suspected opioid overdose. Results Three of four states (Massachusetts, New York and Ohio) experienced a statistically significant immediate decline in the rate of ED encounters for suspected opioid overdose (per 100,000) after the nationwide public health emergency declaration (MA: -0.99; 95% CI: -1.75, -0.24; NY: -0.10; 95% CI, -0.20, 0.0; OH: -0.33, 95% CI: -0.58, -0.07). After this date, Ohio and Kentucky experienced a sustained rate of increase for a 13-week period. New York experienced a decrease in the rate of ED encounters for a 10-week period, after which the rate began to increase. In Massachusetts after a significant immediate decline in the rate of ED encounters, there was no significant difference in the rate of change for a 6-week period, followed by an immediate increase in the ED rate to higher than pre-COVID levels. Conclusions The heterogeneity in the trends in ED encounters between the four sites show that the national stay-at-home order had a differential impact on opioid overdose ED presentation in each state.

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Substance use and related harms in the context of COVID-19: a conceptual model

Cited by 28 publications

References 31 publications

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on same-sex couples’ conflict avoidance, relational quality, and mental health

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on same-sex couples’ conflict avoidance, relational quality, and mental health

The effects of substance use on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection risks and outcomes

The impact of the national stay-at-home order on emergency department visits for suspected opioid overdose during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic

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