Substance P as a neuronal factor in the enteric nervous system of the porcine descending colon in physiological conditions and during selected pathogenic processes
Abstract:The present investigation pertains to changes in substance P-like immunoreactive (SP-LI) nerve structures of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in the porcine descending colon, caused by chemically-induced inflammation and nerve injury (axotomy). The distribution pattern of SP-LI structures was studied using the double immunofluorescence technique in the myenteric (MP), outer submucous (OSP) and inner submucous (ISP) plexuses, as well as in the circular muscle and mucosal layers. Under physiological conditions, … Show more
“…Besides acetylcholine, which is the main transmitter in enteric neurons [5,6], several dozen other neuronal active substances have been described within the ENS [2,3]. The most important of these include, among others, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), galanin (GAL), neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and substance P (SP) [7,8,9]. Most of the abovementioned factors act as neuromediators and/or neuromodulators, but the functions of some neuronal substances described in the ENS remain unknown.…”
Zinc transporter 3 (ZnT3) is a member of the solute-linked carrier 30 (SLC 30) zinc transporter family. It is closely linked to the nervous system, where it takes part in the transport of zinc ions from the cytoplasm to the synaptic vesicles. ZnT3 has also been observed in the enteric nervous system (ENS), but its reactions in response to pathological factors remain unknown. This study, based on the triple immunofluorescence technique, describes changes in ZnT3-like immunoreactive (ZnT3-LI) enteric neurons in the porcine ileum, caused by chemically-induced inflammation. The inflammatory process led to a clear increase in the percentage of neurons immunoreactive to ZnT3 in all “kinds” of intramural enteric plexuses, i.e., myenteric (MP), outer submucous (OSP) and inner submucous (ISP) plexuses. Moreover, a wide range of other active substances was noted in ZnT3-LI neurons under physiological and pathological conditions, and changes in neurochemical characterisation of ZnT3+ cells in response to inflammation depended on the “kind” of enteric plexus. The obtained results show that ZnT3 is present in the ENS in a relatively numerous and diversified neuronal population, not only in physiological conditions, but also during inflammation. The reasons for the observed changes are not clear; they may be connected with the functions of zinc ions and their homeostasis disturbances in pathological processes. On the other hand, they may be due to adaptive and/or neuroprotective processes within the pathologically altered gastrointestinal tract.
“…Besides acetylcholine, which is the main transmitter in enteric neurons [5,6], several dozen other neuronal active substances have been described within the ENS [2,3]. The most important of these include, among others, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), galanin (GAL), neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and substance P (SP) [7,8,9]. Most of the abovementioned factors act as neuromediators and/or neuromodulators, but the functions of some neuronal substances described in the ENS remain unknown.…”
Zinc transporter 3 (ZnT3) is a member of the solute-linked carrier 30 (SLC 30) zinc transporter family. It is closely linked to the nervous system, where it takes part in the transport of zinc ions from the cytoplasm to the synaptic vesicles. ZnT3 has also been observed in the enteric nervous system (ENS), but its reactions in response to pathological factors remain unknown. This study, based on the triple immunofluorescence technique, describes changes in ZnT3-like immunoreactive (ZnT3-LI) enteric neurons in the porcine ileum, caused by chemically-induced inflammation. The inflammatory process led to a clear increase in the percentage of neurons immunoreactive to ZnT3 in all “kinds” of intramural enteric plexuses, i.e., myenteric (MP), outer submucous (OSP) and inner submucous (ISP) plexuses. Moreover, a wide range of other active substances was noted in ZnT3-LI neurons under physiological and pathological conditions, and changes in neurochemical characterisation of ZnT3+ cells in response to inflammation depended on the “kind” of enteric plexus. The obtained results show that ZnT3 is present in the ENS in a relatively numerous and diversified neuronal population, not only in physiological conditions, but also during inflammation. The reasons for the observed changes are not clear; they may be connected with the functions of zinc ions and their homeostasis disturbances in pathological processes. On the other hand, they may be due to adaptive and/or neuroprotective processes within the pathologically altered gastrointestinal tract.
“…Namely, in the stomach it consists of two intramural ganglionated plexuses: myenteric plexus (MP) located between longitudinal and circular muscular layers and submucous plexus (SP)—near the lamina propria of the mucosa. In the small and large intestine, submucous plexus undergoes a division to outer submucous plexus (OSP) located near internal side of the circular muscle layer and inner submucous plexus (ISP)—positioned in the same place like submucous plexus in the stomach (Gonkowski 2013; Bulc et al 2015; Rekawek et al 2015). Fig.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The most visible are fluctuations in the expression of neuromediators and/or neuromodulators, which manifest adaptive and/or neuroprotective processes within enteric neurons under acting stimuli (Gonkowski et al 2003; Vasina et al 2006; Gonkowski 2013). …”
T-2 toxin is a mycotoxin produced by some Fusarium species, which may affect the synthesis of DNA and RNA and causes various pathological processes. Till now, the influence of T-2 toxin on the enteric nervous system (ENS) located in the wall of gastrointestinal tract has not been studied. On the other hand, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is one of enteric neuronal factors, whose exact functions in the intestines still remain not fully explained. The present study describes the influence of low doses of T-2 toxin on CART-positive neuronal structures in porcine stomach, duodenum, and descending colon. Distribution of CART was studied using the double immunofluorescence technique in the plexuses of the ENS, as well as in nerve fibers within the circular muscle and mucosal layers of porcine gastrointestinal tract. Generally, after T-2 toxin administration the greater number of CART-LI structures were studied, but intensity of changes depended on part of the ENS and digestive tract fragment studied. The obtained results show that even low doses of T-2 toxin may change the expression of CART in the ENS.
“…The ENS takes part in the regulation of all functions of the GI tract, such as intestinal motility, excretive activity of the mucosal layer, fluid exchange between the wall of stomach and gut and their lumen, and local blood flow (Furness et al 2014). Moreover, it is known that enteric neurons can also play important functions under various pathological stimuli and take part in adaptive, regenerative, and/or neuroprotective processes during intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases (Gonkowski et al 2003; Vasina et al 2006; Gonkowski 2013). …”
Zinc transporter 3 (ZnT3), a member of the SLC 30 zinc transporter family, is involved in the transport of zinc ions from the cytoplasm into synaptic vesicles or intracellular organelles. The aim of the present study was to investigate for the first time the percentage of ZnT3-like immunoreactive (ZnT3-LI) neurons in the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the porcine esophagus and denotation of their neurochemical coding. Routine double- and triple-immunofluorescence labeling of cervical, thoracic, and abdominal fragments of esophagus for ZnT3 with protein gene product (PGP 9.5; used as pan-neuronal marker), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and galanin (GAL) was performed. The percentage of ZnT3-LI neurons in myenteric ganglia amounted to 50.2 ± 4.7, 63.4 ± 8.3, and 77.1 ± 1.1 % of all PGP 9.5-like immunoreactive neuronal cells in cervical, thoracic, and abdominal esophagus, respectively. In submucous ganglia, these values in particular parts of esophagus amounted to 46.3 ± 6.3, 81.0 ± 8.1, and 74.4 ± 4.4 %. Znt3 co-localized mainly with VAChT, NPY, GAL, NOS, and VIP, but the degree of co-localization depended on the “kind” of enteric ganglia and part of esophagus studied. The obtained results suggest that both ZnT3 and zinc ions may play important and various roles in the neuronal regulation of esophageal functions.
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