Substance Involvement and Probation Outcomes: Evidence From a Cohort Study

Galvin, Miranda A.; Davidson, Kimberly M.; Kleiman, Matthew

doi:10.1177/00220426211062560

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Nearly half (47.5%) of all individuals who had been on probation supervision in the last year met the criteria for SUD, according to national statistics (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2021, Table 8.39b). Other research has estimated the SUD rate to be higher; between 60% and 80% for those on community supervision (Galvin et al, 2022;Reichert & Gleicher, 2019).…”

Section: Prevalence Of Substance Use and Mental Health Disorders On P...mentioning

confidence: 96%

The Importance of Social Support for Individuals on Specialized Probation: A Gender Comparison of Relapse and Revocation

Alarid,

Matz

2024

Criminal Justice and Behavior

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Informed by social support theory, this study examined gender differences of revocation and relapse of 526 probationers diagnosed with a substance use disorder, mental health disorder, or co-occurring disorder who were court-ordered for treatment. Within 18 months of starting probation, 51% of men and 56% of women were revoked. Although not statistically significant, the relapse rate was 34% for women and 26% for men. Significant predictors of revocation were similar across gender with a lack of family support being the strongest predictor for both groups, though notably stronger for women. Family support was a significant predictor of relapse for women but not for men. Inpatient treatment of at least 180 days had the greatest effect in reducing relapse and revocation for women. Treatment dosage of at least 90 days had modest effects in reducing men’s revocation, but the treatment effect was less pronounced for men’s relapse rates.

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Section: Prevalence Of Substance Use and Mental Health Disorders On P...mentioning

confidence: 96%

The Importance of Social Support for Individuals on Specialized Probation: A Gender Comparison of Relapse and Revocation

Alarid,

Matz

2024

Criminal Justice and Behavior

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“…We turn now to the most punitive edge of strong-arm sobriety, which undergirded much of its stress: revocation. Probation not only served as a hub to services but also to jail or prison, a risk heightened for people with substance-use problems (Galvin, Davidson, and Kleiman 2021). The department's policies and practices, together with the discretion of probation officers, was critical in determining if use was overlooked, treated, or brought into court (Doherty 2016).…”

Section: "I Caught a Relapse": Revocationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strong-arm Sobriety: Addressing Precarity through Probation

Piehowski¹,

Phelps²

2022

Law Soc. Inq.

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Over the past half-century, the US welfare and penal systems have become increasingly fused modes of poverty governance. At the center of the welfare-penal continuum sits probation, a form of community supervision that operates as a central hub, directing people to both services and incarceration. Drawing on interviews with 166 adults on probation in Hennepin County, Minnesota, in 2019, we argue that the coercive care of probation is structured by the broader project of controlling alcohol and drug use among the poor. Developing the concept of strong-arm sobriety, we show how the “criminal addict” trope undergirds the central processes of probation: treatment, testing, and revocation. We argue that strong-arm sobriety misreads structural precarity as the result, rather than the cause, of individuals’ choices. In doing so, strong-arm sobriety fails to address the circumstances that engender substance use and produces future subjects for coercive care.

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“…Indeed, as Brydolf-Horwitz and Beckett ( 2021 ) note, many of the substance use treatment beds available to low-income adults are funded through correctional agencies and reserved for justice-involved adults (see also Miller & Stuart, 2017 ). Increased access to substance use treatment programs can reduce the morbidity and mortality risks faced by justice-involved adults (He & Barkowski, 2020 ; Maclean & Saloner, 2019 ; Western & Simes, 2019 ), as well as reduce arrests, crime, and recidivism (Edwards et al, 2022 ; Galvin et al, 2021 ; Moore et al, 2020 ; Simes & Jahn, 2022 ). Other research, however, cautions that such programs often provide only short-term respite rather than longer-term stability, come with significant financial and time costs, and do not meet the multiple and overlapping health and support needs of people involved in the criminal legal system (Gowan & Whetstone, 2012 ; Halushka, 2020 ; Kerrison, 2019 ; Odio et al, 2018 ; Sered & Norton-Hawk, 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond “pains” and “gains”: untangling the health consequences of probation

et al. 2022

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Background Research on the health consequences of criminal legal system contact has increasingly looked beyond imprisonment to understand how more routine forms of surveillance and punishment shape wellbeing. One of these sites is probation, the largest form of supervision in the U.S. Drawing on an interview study with 162 adults on probation in Hennepin County, MN, in 2019, we map how adults on probation understand the consequences of supervision for their health and how these self-reported health changes correlate with individual, social, and structural circumstances. Results Roughly half of participants described their health as having improved since starting probation, while the remainder were split between no change and worsened health. Examining both closed-ended survey questions and open-ended interview prompts, we find that the “gains” of supervision were correlated with substance use treatment (often mandated), reduced drug and alcohol use, increased housing and food security, and perceptions of support from their probation officer. However, these potentially health-promoting mechanisms were attenuated for many participants by the significant “pains” of supervision, including the threat of revocation, which sometimes impacted mental health. In addition, participants in the most precarious circumstances were often unable to meet the demands of supervision, resulting in further punishment. Conclusions Moving beyond the “pains” and “gains” framework, we argue that this analysis provides empirical evidence for the importance of moving social services outside of punishing criminal legal system interventions. People with criminal legal contact often come from deeply marginalized socio-economic contexts and are then expected to meet the rigorous demands of supervision with little state aid for redressing structural barriers. Access to essential services, including healthcare, food, and housing, without the threat of further criminal legal sanctions, can better prevent and respond to many of the behaviors that are currently criminalized in the U.S. legal system, including substance use.

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Substance Involvement and Probation Outcomes: Evidence From a Cohort Study

Cited by 8 publications

References 72 publications

The Importance of Social Support for Individuals on Specialized Probation: A Gender Comparison of Relapse and Revocation

The Importance of Social Support for Individuals on Specialized Probation: A Gender Comparison of Relapse and Revocation

Strong-arm Sobriety: Addressing Precarity through Probation

Beyond “pains” and “gains”: untangling the health consequences of probation

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