Substance Flow Analysis of Indium for Flat Panel Displays in Japan

Nakajima, Kenichi; Yokoyama, Kazuyo; Nakano, Kazuko; Nagasaka, Tetsuya

doi:10.2320/matertrans.maw200702

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…4) Consequently, it is not possible to directly estimate the indium contained in final products from the annual demand for indium for ITO. Therefore, in this work, the amount of indium in final products was estimated using a bottom-up approach.…”

Section: Estimation Of the Amount Of Indium In Finalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nakajima et al focused on the manufacturing processes for flat panel displays to investigate the flow of indium in 2004. 4) However, this study covered the flow of indium in Japan in one year only and did not consider the flow after the final products had been manufactured. Endo et al projected the depletion of indium based on the results of indium flow in mining and smelting and the potential demand for LCD products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global Substance Flow Analysis of Indium

2013

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Interest in recycling of rare metals has greatly increased recently because of the rapid growth in the demand for, and uneven distribution of, natural resources. Substance flow analysis (SFA) is a useful tool for determining the flow of substances in specific geographic regions. However, few SFAs have been conducted for rare metals. In this paper, we focus on indium and conduct SFAs of indium both in Japan and globally. Indium is primarily used as indium tin oxide (ITO), whose end uses can be categorized into two groups: liquid crystal displays and plasma panel displays; these are then assembled into final products. We quantified the flow of indium during its life cycle through mining, smelting and refining, manufacturing, use and waste management. For mining, smelting and refining, data were collected on the indium content in ore and production of primary metallic indium during 19992008. For manufacturing, we estimated the content of indium in final products, and estimated the input of indium in production as ITO in Japan. Then, we extrapolated the result to an SFA at the global scale. In-use stock and discarded indium were estimated by dynamic SFA, in which time-series data on the input of indium into final products and their lifetime distribution were used. We considered the loss of indium in each process to be the potential recyclable amount. We found that the extraction rate of indium in the mining, smelting and refining process was 811%, and the loss of indium in this process was 4,826 t in 2004. The loss in manufacturing amounted to 316 t, the in-use stock of indium was 116 t and the discarded indium in end-use products amounted to 5 t globally in 2004. Therefore, it was concluded that the biggest recovery potential of indium is during mining, smelting and refining.

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Section: Estimation Of the Amount Of Indium In Finalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Substance Flow Analysis of Indium

2013

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“…1417) In 2007, Nakajima 15) successfully analysed indium flow for flat panel display in Japan. They showed that around 220 t-In out of 470 t-In used in the production of transparent electrodes is dissipated or potentially dissipated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the last year, 2014, SFAs for other precious metals such as palladium and silver were also reported. 15,16) As Taiwan is one of the top countries in the world that has high demand for indium, it is very interesting to understand the domestic flow of this substance. In this study, we employed SFA to assess indium flow in Taiwan in different stages including import, export, manufacturing, usage, recycling, and disposal, for the year 2011.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substance Flow Analysis of Indium in Taiwan

Chang

Yen

2015

Mater. Trans.

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“…9) In Japan, the authors have developed the MFA/SFA methods based on the waste inputoutput (WIO) 10,11) table, and they have collected and assessed data on the material/substance flow. [12][13][14] This study focuses on manganese (Mn), which is one of the seven rare metals stockpiled by the National Stockpile Program; the data on Mn flow is collected and assessed. Figure 1 shows the demand for Mn in Japan in 2004.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%