Subsidies to energy cost hundreds of billions of dollars per year, often skewing market decisions in ways detrimental to environmental quality and social welfare. Subsidy reform could provide large fiscal and environmental gains, although remains politically challenging to implement . Growing data collection by international agencies and others has expanded the fuels and countries captured in international subsidy figures. However, important gaps remain regarding credit support, liability subsidies, natural resource leasing, and state-owned enterprises (SoEs) . In addition, data on subsidies to the nuclear fuel cycle remain particularly weak, with no global estimates at all and very few national ones . This is despite uS$4 .4 trillion in projected investments in new nuclear facilities by 2050, much of which will be stateguaranteed, and heavy government involvement with many parts of the nuclear fuel cycle . These hidden subsidies promote the expansion of nuclear facilities, infrastructure, and capabilities throughout the world even when other alternatives could provide the same energy services more quickly, at lower risk, and for less money .
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