Subsidence and volcanism of the Haleakala Ridge, Hawaii

Moore, James G.; Clague, David A.; Ludwig, K. R.; Mark, Robert K.

doi:10.1016/0377-0273(90)90004-y

Cited by 53 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The lavas recovered from Kohala are more differentiated than the Kilauea lavas, and therefore have slightly higher viscosities. Tholeiitic samples from Mahukona (Clague and Moore 1991) and Hana Ridge (Moore et al 1990) have MgO contents similar to those from Kilauea and have similar bulk viscosities. The Ni'ihau lava composition is not known, but if we assume it is similar to rejuvenated stage Kiekie lavas on Ni'ihau (Clague 1987), their viscosities will be similar to those of the Kilauea lavas, although slightly lower due to their lower SiO 2 content.…”

Section: Low Lava Viscositiesmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Dredges on the Hilo Ridge that recovered tholeiitic basalt are too poorly located or were on the bottom for such long distances that it is not known if they sampled any of the flat-topped cones (Moore 1966;Garcia et al 1989;Moore and Clague 1992;Yang et al 1994). Dredges on Hana Ridge did not sample near any of the flat-topped cones revealed in our new surveys (Moore et al 1990). …”

Section: Submarine Hawaiian Volcanic Conesmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…6). Previous work, based on the non-horizontal nature of submerged coral reefs, has shown that the entire ridge has tilted as a result of the volcanic load added to the oceanic crust during the growth of new volcanoes making Hawai'i (Moore et al 1990). Because of the original nearly horizontal nature of the summit plateau of the flat-topped cones, they also serve as indicators of post-volcanic tilt.…”

Section: Submarine Hawaiian Volcanic Conesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Formation of submarine flat-topped volcanic cones in Hawai'i

Clague¹,

Moore

Reynolds

2000

Bulletin of Volcanology

115

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High-resolution bathymetric mapping has shown that submarine flat-topped volcanic cones, morphologically similar to ones on the deep sea floor and near mid-ocean ridges, are common on or near submarine rift zones of Kilauea, Kohala (or Mauna Kea), Mahukona, and Haleakala volcanoes. Four flat-topped cones on Kohala were explored and sampled with the Pisces V submersible in October 1998. Samples show that flat-topped cones on rift zones are constructed of tholeiitic basalt erupted during the shield stage. Similarly shaped flat-topped cones on the northwest submarine flank of Ni'ihau are apparently formed of alkalic basalt erupted during the rejuvenated stage. Submarine postshield-stage eruptions on Hilo Ridge, Mahukona, Hana Ridge, and offshore Ni'ihau form pointed cones of alkalic basalt and hawaiite. The shield stage flat-topped cones have steep (F257) sides, remarkably flat horizontal tops, basal diameters of 1-3 km, and heights ~300 m. The flat tops commonly have either a low mound or a deep crater in the center. The rejuvenated-stage flat-topped cones have the same shape with steep sides and flat horizontal tops, but are much larger with basal diameters up to 5.5 km and heights commonly greater than 200 m. The flat tops have a central low mound, shallow crater, or levees that surrounded lava ponds as large as 1 km across. Most of the rejuvenated-stage flat-topped cones formed on slopes ~107 and formed adjacent semicircular steps down the flank of Ni'ihau, rather than circular structures. All the flat-topped cones appear to be monogenetic and formed during steady effusive eruptions lasting years to decades. These, and other submarine volcanic cones of similar size and shape, apparently form as continuously overflowing submarine lava ponds. A lava pond surrounded by a levee forms above a sea-floor vent. As lava continues to flow into the pond, the lava flow surface rises and overflows the lowest point on the levee, forming elongate pillow lava flows that simultaneously build the rim outward and upward, but also dam and fill in the low point on the rim. The process repeats at the new lowest point, forming a circular structure with a flat horizontal top and steep pillowed margins. There is a delicate balance between lava (heat) supply to the pond and cooling and thickening of the floating crust. Factors that facilitate construction of such landforms include effusive eruption of lava with low volatile contents, moderate to high confining pressure at moderate to great ocean depth, long-lived steady eruption (years to decades), moderate effusion rates (probably ca. 0.1 km 3 /year), and low, but not necessarily flat, slopes. With higher effusion rates, sheet flows flood the slope. With lower effusion rates, pillow mounds form. Hawaiian shield-stage eruptions begin as fissure eruptions. If the eruption is too brief, it will not consolidate activity at a point, and fissure-fed flows will form a pond with irregular levees. The pond will solidify between eruptive pulses if the eruption is not steady. Lava that is too vola...

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Section: Low Lava Viscositiesmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Submarine Hawaiian Volcanic Conesmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Submarine Hawaiian Volcanic Conesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Formation of submarine flat-topped volcanic cones in Hawai'i

Clague¹,

Moore

Reynolds

2000

Bulletin of Volcanology

115

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“…Finally, the systematic tilting we observe of T1 and T2 towards the SE (Figs. 1, 3), combined with similar tilting of the 750 ± 13 ka submerged reef on Haleakala Ridge, East Maui (Moore et al 1990), indicate a persistent, long-term trend of subsidence towards Hawaii. These data all support our contention that our upper limit of the uplift rate of 0.1 m/kyr over the last 30 ka also represents the maximum rate over the last 250 ka.…”

Section: Initiation Drowningmentioning

confidence: 85%

Support for the Giant Wave Hypothesis: evidence from submerged terraces off Lanai, Hawaii

Webster

Clague

Braga

2006

Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch)

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The origin of subaerial coral conglomerate deposits on the Hawaiian islands of Lanai and Molokai is controversial, primarily because these deposits are difficult to interpret and the vertical motion of these islands is poorly constrained. Based on bathymetry, dive observations, sedimentary and radiocarbon data from coralline algal dominated deposits from two submerged terraces at -150 and -230 m off Lanai, Lanai has experienced relatively little vertical movement over the last 30 ka. Using internally consistent age versus depth relationships, paleowater depths, and published sea level data, we estimate that Lanai has experienced maximum rates of uplift of 0.1 m/kyr or subsidence of 0.4 m/kyr over this period. Our analysis of possible uplift mechanisms, published geophysical, numerical modelling, and recent tide data suggests that this is also the maximum uplift rate for the last several hundred thousand years. Taken together these data support the interpretation that coral conglomerates at elevations higher than +35 m on Lanai are tsunami deposits with a minimum wave run up > 170 m, rather than shoreline deposits formed during the last two interglacials, then uplifted to their present elevations.

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“…Given that other Hawaiian islands preserve a variety of geological evidence of sea-level changes (JONES, 1993b;FLETCHER et al, 1995;FLETCHER and JONES, 1996), subsidence (MOORE, 1970(MOORE, , 1987(MOORE, , 1990CAMPBELL, 1984;MOORE and FORNARI, 1984;MOORE and SZABO, 1986;LUDWIG et al, 1991;JONES, 1992;MOORE et al, 1996) anduplift (GRIGG andWESSEL and KEATING, 1994), it seems unlikely that the deposits on Lanai should represent a record solely of tsunami deposition above sea level. However, the sedimentology of beds at the type section does not preclude the possibility that individual beds are tsunamideposited, either above or below sea level.…”

Section: Similarities To Other Hawaiian Islands?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Hulopoe Gravel, Lanai, Hawaii: New Sedimentological Data and their Bearing on the Giant Wave (Mega-Tsunami) Emplacement Hypothesis

Felton

Crook

Keating

2000

Pure and Applied Geophysics

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Recognition that many oceanic islands are shaped by giant landslides has highlighted claims that the Hulopoe Gravel on south Lanai, Hawaii, was deposited by giant waves (mega-tsunami) generated by such a landslide. This interpretation is controversial. Resolution of the controversy has global implications because mass wasting of oceanic islands has been a common process for as long as hot spot volcanism has affected the ocean basins. Thus, if mega-tsunami are attendant upon the mass wasting process, their effect on earth surface processes should be discernible for much of geological time and may be comparable to that resulting from bolide impacts that form astroblemes.Detailed facies analysis of the pebble, cobble and boulder gravels that form the Hulopoe Gravel type section shows that the gravels are composed predominantly of basalt clasts with appreciable amounts of limestone clasts in 8 of the 14 beds present. Deposition was not continuous: eight disconformities are recognized in the 9.2 m type section, three of which are associated with truncated paleosols. The Hulopoe Gravel was not deposited by a single tsunami at 105 ka, as has been proposed. One bed is clearly an alluvial deposit. The origins of others are unclear but the facies data do not exclude tsunami as one of the processes that deposited individual beds within the Hulopoe Gravel, either above or below sea level.

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Subsidence and volcanism of the Haleakala Ridge, Hawaii

Cited by 53 publications

References 7 publications

Formation of submarine flat-topped volcanic cones in Hawai'i

Formation of submarine flat-topped volcanic cones in Hawai'i

Support for the Giant Wave Hypothesis: evidence from submerged terraces off Lanai, Hawaii

The Hulopoe Gravel, Lanai, Hawaii: New Sedimentological Data and their Bearing on the Giant Wave (Mega-Tsunami) Emplacement Hypothesis

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Subsidence and volcanism of the Haleakala Ridge, Hawaii

Cited by 53 publications

References 7 publications

Formation of submarine flat-topped volcanic cones in Hawai'i

Formation of submarine flat-topped volcanic cones in Hawai'i

Support for the Giant Wave Hypothesis: evidence from submerged terraces off Lanai, Hawaii

The Hulopoe Gravel, Lanai, Hawaii: New Sedimentological Data and their Bearing on the Giant Wave (Mega-Tsunami) Emplacement Hypothesis

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The Hulopoe Gravel, Lanai, Hawaii: New Sedimentological Data and their Bearing on the Giant Wave (Mega-Tsunami) Emplacement Hypothesis