Subnasal alveolar morphology and the systematic position of <i>Sivapithecus</i>

Ward, Steven; Kimbel, William H.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330610204

Cited by 111 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Many characters found in the orangutan can be assumed to be more similar to early hominids than are characters found in other extant apes, such as Gorilla and Pan, genera that may have undergone both more anagenesis and more cladogenesis. Other work, employing different characters, supports the idea that African apes are the most derived hominids [Ward & Kimbel, 1983;Templeton, 1983;Etler, 19831. Templeton [ 19831, employing restriction endonucleases, found that horninids lay between Pongo and the African apes.…”

Section: Pongo and Sivapithecus: Maxillarymentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Based on tooth morphology and coefficients of variation, several authors believe that ramapithecines are ancestral to hominids [de Bonis, 1983;Kay, 1982a,b;Kay & Simons, 19831. On the other hand, ape status for both ramapithecine groups is argued by others, based not only upon anatomical information but also upon ecological and biogeographical interpretations [Bernor, 1983;Andrews & Cronin, 1982;Ward & Kimbel, 1983;Ward & Pilbeam, 19831. The above multivariate statistical analyses indicate that Siuapithecus is clearly more like Pongo, while Ramapithecus is consistently more like Homo.…”

Section: Pongo and Sivapithecus: Maxillarymentioning

confidence: 98%

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Dental sexual dimorphisms in some extant hominoids and ramapithecines from China: A quantitative approach

Lieberman

Gelvin

Oxnard

1985

American J Primatol

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Studies of sexual dimorphism in the dental dimensions of some extant and fossil hominoids have been carried out by means of univariate statistical methods [Oxnard et al., 19851. The study reported here extended these studies with multivariate statistical methods (canonical variates analyses). The extant genera studied were Gorilla, Pan, Pongo, and Homo. The fossil teeth interpolated were those of the recently discovered ramapithecines from Yunnan Province, China. For both extant and fossil species, the lengths and breadths of all maxillary and mandibular teeth were used except for the third molar, which was excluded because of its absence in so many human subjects. The nature of sexual dimorphism in the dentition of extant apes and humans was assessed, and the positions of the fossil teeth within the multivariate results for the extant forms was examined. Among the apes, the greatest sexual dimorphism was seen in Gorilla; the least was seen in Pan. Three different patterns of sexual dimorphism were apparent among the three ape species. The maxillary and mandibular patterns were different in Gorilla and Pan but more similar in Pongo. The African apes showed greater differences between variances for each sex and of each jaw; these features may have evolved most recently. The conventional notion that sexual dimorphism is mainly due to size and size-related shape effects along a single continuum or axis was rejected. The interpolation of the fossil data placed Siuapithecus close to each of the more dimorphic apes, especially Pongo, but also showed that it had higher order differences from the extant forms studied. Ramapithecus was most similar to Homo. These results have implications both for the role of sexual dimorphism in the evolution of higher primates and for the phylogenetic relationships among them.

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Section: Pongo and Sivapithecus: Maxillarymentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Pongo and Sivapithecus: Maxillarymentioning

confidence: 98%

Dental sexual dimorphisms in some extant hominoids and ramapithecines from China: A quantitative approach

Lieberman

Gelvin

Oxnard

1985

American J Primatol

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“…The Dryopithecus fossil evidence in its entirety has not been considered in previous interpretations of this region (e.g. Ward and Kimbel, 1983;Ward and Pilbeam, 1983;McCollum and Ward, 1997). While other fossil taxa have been said to demonstrate a stepped subnasal fossa or an elongated premaxilla, none other than Dryopithecus and Ouranopithecus among Miocene apes has the full suite of features that typify this region in living African apes and in 'australopithecines'.…”

Section: Europementioning

confidence: 99%

Sivapithecus is east and Dryopithecus is west, and never the twain shall meet

Begun

2005

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Sivapithecus and Dryopithecus are well-described Miocene hominids (great apes and humans), both known since the 19th century. Over the years these genera have been combined into one (Dryopithecus) or separated up to the subfamily level. Each have been dismissed as interesting side branches, hailed as direct ancestors, or recognized as sister clades to one or more clade of extant hominid. Here I argue that they are each stem taxa of the two living hominid clades Ponginae and Homininae. A famous poem by Rudyard Kipling tells the tale of a British and Afghan soldier whose differences (in ethnicity) obscure their similarities (in character). The relationship between Sivapithecus and Dryopithecus is similar. On the one hand, Sivapithecus is restricted to South Asia, has thickly enameled molars, robust jaws, and superficially baboon-like forelimbs; Dryopithecus is European, has thinly enameled molars and gracile jaws, with suspensory forelimbs. On the other hand, both are great apes, both had suspensory adaptations, large brains, and delayed development, and both are closely related to living hominids. Recognition of the likely relations of Sivapithecus and Dryopithecus provides insight into the causes, timing, and paleobiogeography of crown hominid origins.

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“…Current understanding of the primate face from experimental data supports assertions that this region is under strong selective pressures related to masticatory activity (Hylander, 1979a(Hylander, ,b,c, 1988(Hylander, , 1992Hylander and Johnson, 1997;Ravosa et al, , 2007aRavosa et al, ,b, 2008a. The hard palate of Paranthropus, which is relatively ''deep'' or superoinferiorly tall, further characterizes the genus when compared with its sister taxon Australopithecus (Ward and Kimbel, 1983;McCollum et al, 1993).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypic Plasticity and Function of the Hard Palate in Growing Rabbits

Menegaz

Sublett

Figueroa

et al. 2008

The Anatomical Record

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Morphological variation related to differential loading is well known for many craniomandibular elements. Yet, the function of the hard palate, and in particular the manner in which cortical and trabecular bone of the palate respond to masticatory loads, remains more ambiguous. Here, experimental data are presented that address the naturalistic influence of biomechanical loading on the postweaning development and structure of the hard palate. A rabbit model was used to test the hypothesis that variation in the morphology of the hard palate is linked to variation in masticatory stresses. Rabbit siblings were divided as weanlings into soft and hard/tough dietary treatment groups of 10 subjects each and were raised for 15 weeks until subadulthood. MicroCT analyses indicate that rabbits subjected to elevated masticatory loading developed hard palates with significantly greater bone area, greater cortical bone thickness along the oral lamina, and thicker anterior palates. Such diet-induced levels of palatal plasticity are comparable to those for other masticatory elements, which likely reflect osteogenic responses for maintaining the functional integrity of the palate vis-à -vis elevated stresses during unilateral mastication. These data support a role for mechanical loading in the determination of palatal morphology, especially its internal structure, in living and fossil mammals such as the hominin Paranthropus. Furthermore, these findings have potential implications for the evolution of the mammalian secondary hard palate as well as for clinical considerations of human oral pathologies.

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Subnasal alveolar morphology and the systematic position of Sivapithecus

Cited by 111 publications

References 34 publications

Dental sexual dimorphisms in some extant hominoids and ramapithecines from China: A quantitative approach

Dental sexual dimorphisms in some extant hominoids and ramapithecines from China: A quantitative approach

Sivapithecus is east and Dryopithecus is west, and never the twain shall meet

Phenotypic Plasticity and Function of the Hard Palate in Growing Rabbits

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