Submerged plant equipment

Bergano, Neal S.; Dean, Barbara; Garrett, L.D.; Kordahi, Maurice E.; Li, Haifeng; Nyman, B.M.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804269-4.00012-x

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…S1A). These return paths are used by the cable operator to periodically check the health of the optical amplifiers ( 7 ). These checks are typically performed on a schedule or if there is a malfunction, leaving these channels unused most of the time.…”

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confidence: 99%

Optical interferometry–based array of seafloor environmental sensors using a transoceanic submarine cable

Marra

Fairweather

Kamalov

et al. 2022

Science

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Optical fiber–based sensing technology can drastically improve Earth observations by enabling the use of existing submarine communication cables as seafloor sensors. Previous interferometric and polarization-based techniques demonstrated environmental sensing over cable lengths up to 10,500 kilometers. However, measurements were limited to the integrated changes over the entire length of the cable. We demonstrate the detection of earthquakes and ocean signals on individual spans between repeaters of a 5860-kilometer-long transatlantic cable rather than the whole cable. By applying this technique to the existing undersea communication cables, which have a repeater-to-repeater span length of 45 to 90 kilometers, the largely unmonitored ocean floor could be instrumented with thousands of permanent real-time environmental sensors without changes to the underwater infrastructure.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical interferometry–based array of seafloor environmental sensors using a transoceanic submarine cable

Marra

Fairweather

Kamalov

et al. 2022

Science

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“…A schematic diagram of a submarine repeater under bipolar power supply is shown in Fig. 1 [7,24]. A diode bridge is used to support bi-directional powering and surge current control.…”

Section: Repeater Power Conversion Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeater Power Conversion Efficiency in Submarine Optical Communication Systems

2021

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In power-limited trans-oceanic submarine systems, the electrical-to-optical (E/O) power conversion efficiency determines the amount of optical signal power generated by repeaters, which governs the cable capacity. In contrast to conventional submarine systems, recent single mode fiber spatial division multiplexing (SDM) systems operate at a lower channel power and support a larger number of optical fibers. Moreover, pump sharing technology is used in SDM systems to enhance cable capacity and system reliability, where a group of pump lasers are combined to feed a group of fiber pairs. The repeater E/O power conversion efficiency is directly related with cable capacity, as well as capacity per power and cost per capacity analysis. Therefore, it is important to understand the characteristics of repeater E/O efficiency. We developed a model to analyze the repeater E/O efficiency in submarine SDM systems. Experimental measurement data of pump lasers and numerical simulation results of Erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) were used as input information to the model to analyze repeater E/O efficiency in vario us system designs. Based on the E/O efficiency model results, we investigated cable capacity using the Gaussian noise (GN) model. Moreove r, cable capacity per power was calculated and compared based on three different power metrics: (i) electrical supply power, (ii) pump optical power and (iii) EDFA output power. With the ai d of the repeater E/O efficiency model, one can analyze the efficiency of submarine systems using the direct metric of cable capacity per electrical supply power.

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“…In their infancy, trans-oceanic links operated in a simple point-to-point configuration. However, modern day subsea network architectures are more complex and have branching nodes to connect either full fibre pairs or portions to a trunk and/or branch fibre [4] . This permits reconfigurability, which has transformed the reliability of our subsea communication network, offering redundancy to bypass cable damage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Rerouting in Glass Fibre Composite

Holmes

Godfrey

Mennea

et al. 2021

Preprint

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We demonstrate for the first time the reconfigurability of optical signals within advanced laminated composite. The approach employs an ultra-thin planar optical circuit, embedded within glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) that switches an optical input though Ohmic heating. This advance highlights new opportunities for optical reconfigurability within advanced composites, enabling data transmission redundancy and a consideration of branching optical fibre architectures.

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Submerged plant equipment

Cited by 6 publications

References 8 publications

Optical interferometry–based array of seafloor environmental sensors using a transoceanic submarine cable

Optical interferometry–based array of seafloor environmental sensors using a transoceanic submarine cable

Repeater Power Conversion Efficiency in Submarine Optical Communication Systems

Optical Rerouting in Glass Fibre Composite

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