Submerged Gas Jet into a Liquid Bath:  A Review

Abstract

Gas-liquid jet reactors are widely used in commercial applications such as condensing jets for direct contact feedwater heaters and steam jet pumps, because of their efficient heat-and mass-transfer characteristics. These are also used for the blowdown of primary nuclear boiler systems into a water bath, without releasing fissionable materials into the atmosphere. Reacting jets are of major interest in metal processing and thermal energy sources that involve submerged injection of an oxidizer into a liquid metal bath. The design of gasliquid jet reactors is strongly dependent on the plume dimensions and the flow pattern in the liquid phase. In the present review paper, a critical analysis of the published literature on the fluid dynamics and heat transfer for gas-liquid jet reactors has been performed. The analysis has been extended for the empirical, semiempirical, and analytical attempts for the correlations of experimental observations. The published works on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations have also been critically analyzed. A comprehensive discussion has been presented and an attempt has been made to arrive at a coherent theme that clearly describes the present status of the published literature. Furthermore, recommendations have been made that are expected to be useful for the design engineers as well as researchers, to improve the reliability in the design of this important class of reactors.

Oscillation flow induced by underwater supersonic gas jets

“…A better understanding of the relevant phenomena and mechanisms in the submerged gas jets systems is necessary for optimizing various industrial processes. A review paper on this subject has been recently given by Gulawani et al [2].…”

Experimental study on pressure and temperature distributions for low mass flux steam jet in subcooled water

“…The steam jet condensation heat transfer has been experimentally and theoretically studied by many researchers, and the investigations mainly include condensation regime map, flow pattern, heat transfer characteristic, condensation load, and for understanding of thermal mixing due to steam jet condensation, a model of the turbulent jet flow induced by the steam jet was evaluated for velocity and temperature distributions [3,4] . Chan et al [5] investigated a regime map for direct contact condensation, and the condensation modes were reported including steam chugging, bubbling and jet.…”

Flow structures of gaseous jets injected into water for underwater propulsion

“…The pressure and the normal velocity at the nozzle exit are non-dimensionalized as (p − p ref )/0.5ρ ref U 2 and v e /U, as shown in Figs. 12.…”

“…This process can be found in a variety of engineering applications, such as direct-contact condensers, metallurgical processes, and underwater cutting/propulsion [2][3][4][5][6][7][8].…”