Submaximal exercise training improves mitochondrial efficiency in the gluteus medius but not in the triceps brachii of young equine athletes

White, Stuart; Warren, L.K.; Li, Chengcheng; Wohlgemuth, Stephanie E.

doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14691-4

Cited by 18 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…The GM is composed of a greater percentage of fast-twitch, non-oxidative fibers when compared to the TB 24 . Additionally, the TB has been found to have higher indices of mitochondrial density 12 . In the present study, resting MDA concentration, GPx activity, SOD activity, and SOD2 expression were higher in the TB than the GM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…However, following 12 weeks of exercise and growth (current study), muscle SOD activity increased in both muscle groups of CTM horses, but not INORG horses. Improvements to the energy-producing cells of skeletal muscle, mitochondria, following submaximal exercise training has been demonstrated in 2-year-old Quarter Horses by an increase in intrinsic mitochondrial capacities of complex I and complex II of the electron transport system following 9 weeks of submaximal exercise training 12 . While the efficiency of mitochondrial coupling also increased 12 , which would decrease the loss of electrons during ATP production, mitochondria remain a source of potentially damaging by-products of energy production, reactive oxygen species, during exercise 13 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Complexed trace mineral supplementation alters antioxidant activities and expression in response to trailer stress in yearling horses in training

Latham¹,

Dickson²,

Owen³

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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To test the hypothesis that complexed trace mineral supplementation would increase antioxidant capacity and decrease muscle oxidative stress and damage in young horses entering an exercise training program, Quarter Horses (mean $$\pm$$ ± SD; 9.7 ± 0.7 mo) balanced by age, sex, and BW were assigned to receive complexed (CTM; n = 8) or inorganic (INORG; n = 8) trace minerals at -12 week relative to this study. Blood and muscle samples were collected before (week 0) and after 12 week of light exercise training surrounding a 1.5-h trailer stressor. Muscle glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity was higher for CTM than INORG horses (P ≤ 0.0003) throughout the study. Following both trailer stressors, serum creatine kinase increased (P < 0.0001) and remained elevated through 24 h post-trailering (P < 0.0001). At week 0, muscle malondialdehyde, expression of superoxide dismutase 2, and whole blood GPx activity increased (P$$\le$$ ≤ 0.003) following trailering but trailering did not affect these measures at week 12. Young horses supplemented with CTM had higher muscle GPx activity than horses receiving INORG, but CTM did not affect damage markers following a stressor. Dietary CTM may be useful for improving antioxidant capacity during exercise training in young equine athletes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complexed trace mineral supplementation alters antioxidant activities and expression in response to trailer stress in yearling horses in training

Latham¹,

Dickson²,

Owen³

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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show abstract

“…The conditioning-induced increase in leak respiration was unexpected because in all other species studied, athletic conditioning generally reduces leak respiration and, in some instances, also decreases temperature sensitivity of skeletal muscle leak respiration. Nine weeks of submaximal training in Quarterhorses decreased leak respiration in permeabilized skeletal muscle fibers, but this effect was only statistically significant in the gluteus muscle and not in the triceps brachii (18). Similarly, there was no effect of fitness on leak respiration in permeabilized triceps brachii skeletal muscle fibers from Thoroughbred horses (19).…”

Section: Ant1-u Ant1-c Ucp3-u Ucp3-mentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Athletic conditioning typically increases mitochondrial capacity for respiration regardless of the species of athlete (9,12,18,19,24,25). However, the effect of conditioning on mitochondrial phosphorylating capacity during hyperthermia is less studied.…”

Section: Ant1-u Ant1-c Ucp3-u Ucp3-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of conditioning and physiological hyperthermia on canine skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxygen consumption

Davis

Barrett

2021

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Exercise often causes skeletal muscle hyperthermia, likely resulting in decreased efficiency of mitochondrial respiration. We hypothesized that athletic conditioning would improve mitochondrial tolerance to hyperthermia. Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained from 6 Alaskan sled dogs under light general anesthesia before and after a full season of conditioning and racing, and respiration of permeabilized muscle fibers was measured at 38, 40, 42, and 44°C. There was no effect of temperature on phosphorylating respiration, and athletic conditioning increased maximal phosphorylating respiration by 19%. Leak respiration increased and calculated efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation decreased with increasing incubation temperature, and athletic conditioning resulted in higher leak respiration and lower calculated oxidative phosphorylation efficiency at all temperatures. Conditioning increased skeletal muscle expression of putative mitochondrial leak pathways adenine nucleotide transporter 1 and uncoupling protein 3, both of which were correlated with the magnitude of leak respiration. We conclude that athletic conditioning in elite canine endurance athletes results in increased capacity for mitochondrial proton leak that potentially reduces maximal mitochondrial membrane potential during periods of high oxidative phosphorylation. This effect may provide a mechanistic explanation for previously-reported decreases in exercise-induced muscle damage in well-conditioned subjects.

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“…However, high levels of antioxidants have been shown to limit cellular adaptations to training (Peterneli and Coombes, 2011). Interestingly, previous research noted elevated mitochondrial density in the gluteus medius muscle of 2-year-old horses receiving organic Se at 0.3 mg Se/kg DM (as Sel-Plex, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY) compared to horses receiving 0.1 mg Se/kg DM, regardless of whether or not they were enrolled in a submaximal exercise program (White et al, 2017). The current NRC ( 2007) requirement for Se is 0.1mg/kg DM, but little research has been conducted to determine the optimal level of Se for growing or exercising horses.…”

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confidence: 95%

Effects of decreased dietary vitamin E plus a proprietary antioxidant blend on mitochondria in young performance horses

Owen

White

Brennan

2019

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science

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Mitochondrial health is pertinent to optimizing athletic performance and is maintained in part by dietary antioxidants such as selenium (Se) and vitamin E (vitE). Mitochondrial adaptations to elevated dietary Se coupled with decreased vitE have not yet been determined.Young Quarter Horses (mean ± SEM; 17.6 ± 0.2 mo) were used to test the hypothesis that horses receiving a proprietary antioxidant blend containing Se yeast (EconomasE, Alltech, Inc., Nicholasville, KY) would have improved mitochondrial characteristics compared to horses receiving Se and vitE at current requirements, regardless of reduced vitE intake. Horses were balanced by age, sex, BW, and farm of origin and randomly assigned to one of three customformulated concentrates fed at 1% BW (DM basis): 1) 100 IU vitE/kg DM and 0.1 mg Se/kg DM (CON, n = 6), 2) no added vitE plus EconomasE to provide 0.1 mg Se/kg DM (ESe1, n = 6), or 3) no added vitE plus EconomasE to provide 0.3 mg Se/kg DM (ESe3, n=6). Tissue was collected from the gluteus medius at wk 0 and 12 of dietary treatment and evaluated for mitochondrial enzyme activities by kinetic, colorimetry and mitochondrial capacities by highresolution respirometry. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS v9.4 with repeated measures (time) and fixed effects of time, diet, and time × diet; horse(diet) served as a random effect. Mitochondrial number (citrate synthase activity; CS), function (cytochrome c oxidase activity; CCO), and integrated (per mg tissue) oxidative (P) and electron transport (E) capacities increased from wk 0 to 12 in all horses (P ≤ 0.05). Intrinsic (relative to CS) CCO activity and P and E capacities, decreased from wk 0 to 12 (P ≤ 0.02). Horses in CON had higher integrated P with complex I and II substrates (PCI+II), ECI+II, and ECII than ESe1 throughout the study (P ≤ 0.03); integrated ECII was also higher in CON than ESe3 (P = 0.03). Results from the current vi CONTRIBUTORS AND FUNDING SOURCES This work was supervised by a thesis committee consisting of Dr. Sarah White of the

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Submaximal exercise training improves mitochondrial efficiency in the gluteus medius but not in the triceps brachii of young equine athletes

Cited by 18 publications

References 32 publications

Complexed trace mineral supplementation alters antioxidant activities and expression in response to trailer stress in yearling horses in training

Complexed trace mineral supplementation alters antioxidant activities and expression in response to trailer stress in yearling horses in training

Effect of conditioning and physiological hyperthermia on canine skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxygen consumption

Effects of decreased dietary vitamin E plus a proprietary antioxidant blend on mitochondria in young performance horses

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