Submarine hydrothermal activity and gold-rich mineralization at Brothers Volcano, Kermadec Arc, New Zealand

Ronde, C. E. J. de; Massoth, Gary J.; Butterfield, D. A.; Christenson, Bruce; Ishibashi, Jun-ichiro; Ditchburn, R.G.; Hannington, Mark D.; Brathwaite, Robert L.; Lupton, J. E.; Kamenetsky, Vadim S.; Graham, Ian; Zellmer, Georg F.; Dziak, Robert P.; Embley, R. W.; Dekov, Vesselin M.; Munnik, F.; Lahr, J.; Evans, L. J.; Takai, Ken

doi:10.1007/s00126-011-0345-8

Cited by 229 publications

(306 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Both Bi and Sn are elements indicative of higher temperature conditions [63] and both are commonly present in HS deposits (e.g., Pierina in Peru and Rodalquilar in Spain; [20]). Samples from A39 are in turn relatively enriched in Zn, Ag, Ge and Pb.…”

Section: Enargitementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analyses of volcanic gases and precipitates from Merapi Volcano, Indonesia [115,116] and Kudryavy Volcano, Russia [117,118] show significant enrichment factors for these elements (1-10 2 for Ge and Ga, 10 4 -10 5 for In) in the fumarolic discharge products compared to the underlying, degassing magma. For comparison, the hydrothermal system related to the submarine Brothers Volcano (Kermadec Arc, New Zealand) has a strong magmatic contribution, and mineralogical similarities to terrestrial HS deposits have been documented (e.g., enargite, alunite and anhydrite; [63,119]). Analyses of precipitates from several seafloor chimneys related to Brothers revealed locally high concentrations of Ga (up to 1870 ppm), and to a lesser degree Ge (up to 194 ppm) and In (up to 144 ppm) [63].…”

Section: Petrogenetic Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mineralogical Distribution of Germanium, Gallium and Indium at the Mt Carlton High-Sulfidation Epithermal Deposit, NE Australia, and Comparison with Similar Deposits Worldwide

et al. 2017

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Germanium, gallium and indium are in high demand due to their growing usage in high-tech and green-tech applications. However, the mineralogy and the mechanisms of concentration of these critical elements in different types of hydrothermal ore deposits remain poorly constrained. We investigated the mineralogical distribution of Ge, Ga and In at the Mt Carlton high-sulfidation epithermal deposit in NE Australia, using electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Parageneses from which selected minerals were analyzed include: Stage 1 acid sulfate alteration (alunite), Stage 2A high-sulfidation enargite mineralization (enargite, argyrodite, sphalerite, pyrite, barite), Stage 2B intermediate-sulfidation sphalerite mineralization (sphalerite, pyrite, galena) and Stage 3 hydrothermal void fill (dickite). Moderate to locally high concentrations of Ga were measured in Stage 1 alunite (up to 339 ppm) and in Stage 3 dickite (up to 150 ppm). The Stage 2A ores show enrichment in Ge, which is primarily associated with argyrodite (up to 6.95 wt % Ge) and Ge-bearing enargite (up to 2189 ppm Ge). Co-existing sphalerite has comparatively low Ge content (up to 143 ppm), while Ga (up to 1181 ppm) and In (up to 571 ppm) are higher. Sphalerite in Stage 2B contains up to 611 ppm Ge, 2829 ppm Ga and 2169 ppm In, and locally exhibits fine colloform bands of an uncharacterized Zn-In mineral with compositions close to CuZn 2 (In,Ga)S 4 . Barite, pyrite and galena which occur in association with Stage 2 mineralization were found to play negligible roles as carriers of Ge, Ga and In at Mt Carlton. Analyzed reference samples of enargite from seven similar deposits worldwide have average Ge concentrations ranging from 12 to 717 ppm (maximum 2679 ppm). The deposits from which samples showed high enrichment in critical elements in this study are all hosted in stratigraphic sequences that locally contain carbonaceous sedimentary rocks. In addition to magmatic-hydrothermal processes, such rocks could potentially be important for the concentration of critical elements in high-sulfidation epithermal deposits.

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Section: Enargitementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Petrogenetic Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineralogical Distribution of Germanium, Gallium and Indium at the Mt Carlton High-Sulfidation Epithermal Deposit, NE Australia, and Comparison with Similar Deposits Worldwide

et al. 2017

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“…10.1). The lack of clastic sediments in the hydrothermal fields reflects ammonium concentrations < 20 μM/kg (Kato et al 2009;de Ronde et al 2011;Gamo et al 2001), due to minimal contribution of sedimentary organic matter to the hydrothermal fluids. Bio-diversity of the animal communities observed at the Snail and Yamanaka sites in the South Mariana Trough was very low (Kojima and Watanabe, Chap.…”

Section: Additional Hydrothermal Fieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…), and vestimentiferan tubeworms (Lamellibrachia sp. ), has been observed in the animal community at the Brother Volcano site (Kermadec Arc), while many types of animals, such as Rimicaris shrimp, Bathimodiolus mussels, Alviniconcha snails (de Ronde et al 2011), and Brachyuran crabs, have been observed at the Kairei hydothermal field on Hakuho Knoll (Central Indian Ridge) ; Watanabe and Beedessee, Chap. 16).…”

Section: Additional Hydrothermal Fieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Compilation of the Stable Isotopic Compositions of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur in Soft Body Parts of Animals Collected from Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent and Methane Seep Fields: Variations in Energy Source and Importance of Subsurface Microbial Processes in the Sediment-Hosted Systems

Yamanaka

Shimamura

Nagashio

et al. 2014

Subseafloor Biosphere Linked to Hydrothermal Systems

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The stable isotopic signatures of biophilic elements, such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur, exhibited in animal soft body parts are excellent indicators for evaluating the pathways of energy and food sources. Thioautotrophic and methanotrophic nutrition prevailed in deep-sea hydrothermal vent and methane seep areas results in sulfide-sulfur and methanecarbon isotopic ratios. In this study, we reevaluated the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotope compositions of animals taken from deep-sea hydrothermal vents and methane seep areas in order to understand the detailed pathways of energy and food sources for the habitants. The results showed that most animals collected from sediment-starved hydrothermal areas rely on thioautotrophic nutrition, using hydrogen sulfide dissolved in venting fluids as the sole primary energy source. On the other hand, animals from sediment-covered hydrothermal vent and cold seep fields show some variations in energy sources, of both hydrothermal and microbial origins. Sediment-covered areas tend to be enriched in biomass and diversity relative to sediment-starved areas. The results suggest that fluid discharged through sediments to the seafloor are strongly affected by subsurface microbial processes and result in increased biomass and diversity of the seafloor animal community.

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“…Hannington et al, 1999a;de Ronde et al, 2011;Berkenbosch et al, 2012) and in metamorphic sequences and metamorphosed sulfide deposits (e.g. Sales and Meyer, 1951;Ramdohr, 1980;Misra, 2000).…”

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineralogy, geochemistry and sulfur isotope characterization of Cerro de Maimón (Dominican Republic), San Fernando and Antonio (Cuba) lower Cretaceous VMS deposits: Formation during subduction initiation of the proto-Caribbean lithosphere within a fore-arc

Torró

Proenza

Melgarejo

et al. 2016

Ore Geology Reviews

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Submarine hydrothermal activity and gold-rich mineralization at Brothers Volcano, Kermadec Arc, New Zealand

Cited by 229 publications

References 51 publications

Mineralogical Distribution of Germanium, Gallium and Indium at the Mt Carlton High-Sulfidation Epithermal Deposit, NE Australia, and Comparison with Similar Deposits Worldwide

Mineralogical Distribution of Germanium, Gallium and Indium at the Mt Carlton High-Sulfidation Epithermal Deposit, NE Australia, and Comparison with Similar Deposits Worldwide

A Compilation of the Stable Isotopic Compositions of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur in Soft Body Parts of Animals Collected from Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent and Methane Seep Fields: Variations in Energy Source and Importance of Subsurface Microbial Processes in the Sediment-Hosted Systems

Mineralogy, geochemistry and sulfur isotope characterization of Cerro de Maimón (Dominican Republic), San Fernando and Antonio (Cuba) lower Cretaceous VMS deposits: Formation during subduction initiation of the proto-Caribbean lithosphere within a fore-arc

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