Subliminal processing of smoking-related and affective stimuli in tobacco addiction.

Leventhal, Adam M.; Waters, Andrew J.; Breitmeyer, Bruno G.; Miller, Elizabeth; Tapia, Evelina; Li, Yisheng

doi:10.1037/a0012640

Cited by 31 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(111 reference statements)

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“…Thus, the present findings suggest that the abstinence-induced decrease in positive affect is not as substantial as the corresponding increase in negative affect. Nonetheless, abstinence-induced decreases in positive affect have been consistently demonstrated in previous studies (al’Absi et al, 2002; Gilbert et al, 1998; Leventhal et al, 2008). It therefore appears to be a valid manifestation of the abstinence syndrome.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

A quantitative analysis of subjective, cognitive, and physiological manifestations of the acute tobacco abstinence syndrome

Leventhal

Waters

Moolchan

et al. 2010

Addictive Behaviors

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Rationale Previous studies have documented the existence of signs and symptoms of the acute tobacco abstinence syndrome; however, less attention has been paid to quantifying the magnitude of these effects. Objective The present study quantified the relative magnitude of subjective, cognitive, and physiological manifestations of acute tobacco abstinence. Method Smokers (N = 203, ≥15 cig/day) attended two counterbalanced laboratory sessions, one following 12-hr of abstinence and the other following ad-lib smoking. At both sessions, they completed an extensive battery of self-report measures (withdrawal, affect, hunger, craving, subjective attentional bias towards smoking cues), physiological assessments (heart rate, blood pressure, brain EEG), and cognitive performance tasks (psychomotor processing, sustained attention, objective attentional bias). Results Abstinence effects were largest for craving, subjective attentional bias, negative affect, overall withdrawal severity, concentration difficulty, hunger, and heart rate. Effects were moderate for positive affect and EEG power. Effects were small, but reliable, for psychomotor speed, sustained attention, and somatic symptoms. Effects on performance-based indices of attentional bias towards smoking-related cues were small and reliable for some indices but not others. Effects were small and inconsistent for blood pressure and EEG frequency. Variation in internal consistency accounted for 33% of the variation in abstinence effect sizes across measures. Conclusions There was a wide range of effect sizes both across and within domains, indicating that the acute tobacco abstinence syndrome is not a monotonic phenomenon. These findings may be indicative of the relative magnitudes of signs and symptoms that the average smoker may exhibit during acute abstinence.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

A quantitative analysis of subjective, cognitive, and physiological manifestations of the acute tobacco abstinence syndrome

Leventhal

Waters

Moolchan

et al. 2010

Addictive Behaviors

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“…Data were collected from current smokers ( N =212) enrolled at a U.S. university who were participating in a more extensive study of the cognitive effects of tobacco deprivation (Leventhal et al, 2008). Participants were recruited through fliers, class announcements, and e-mail listserv postings announcing the opportunity to participate in a study of cognition, emotion, and smoking.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of Functional and Dysfunctional Impulsivity to Smoking Characteristics

Pitts

Leventhal²

2012

Journal of Addiction Medicine

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Objectives Though the relation between impulsivity and smoking is well-documented, one model of impulsivity that has received little attention in the addiction literature separates impulsivity into two dimensions: functional impulsivity (tendency to make quick effective decisions) and dysfunctional impulsivity (tendency to make quick ineffective decisions). Methods This cross-sectional study examined relations of functional and dysfunctional impulsivity to smoking characteristics in 212 non-treatment-seeking daily smokers (M = 15 cig/day, M = age 24 years, 53% female). Results Dysfunctional impulsivity exhibited small to medium sized positive associations with difficulty refraining from smoking in forbidden places, craving, and smoking without awareness. Functional impulsivity was inversely associated with a measure of cigarette craving. Other suggestive associations were found; however, these were not statistically significant after type-I error correction. Conclusion Though the overall predictive validity of these impulsivity constructs for explaining variance in smoking characteristics was relatively modest, the results suggest that conceptualizing impulsivity as a unitary construct indicative of a tendency to make quick decisions may mask heterogeneity within the impulsivity-smoking relationship. These findings suggest that high-dysfunctional impulsivity smokers may perhaps require more intensive interventions to dampen motivation to smoke. They also highlight the possibility that certain manifestations of impulsivity are not related with increased smoking behavior and may actually associate with reduced drive to smoke.

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“…Participants were 212 current smokers enrolled at a Southwestern University, who were participating in a more extensive study on the cognitive effects of tobacco deprivation (Leventhal et al, 2008b). Fliers, class announcements, and e-mail LISTSERV postings announcing the opportunity to participate in a study of cognition, emotion, and smoking were advertised and targeted the university’s student population of daily smokers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations Between Depressive Symptom Dimensions and Smoking Dependence Motives

et al. 2010

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Depressive symptoms are heterogeneous and can be parsed into four subdimensions (i.e., positive affect [PA], negative affect [NA], somatic features [SF], and interpersonal problems [IP]) that may have unique associations with the motivation to smoke. This study explored associations between depressive symptom dimensions and 13 theoretically distinct domains of smoking dependence motivation in current cigarette smokers (N = 212; 53% female, mean [M] age = 24 years). Results demonstrated substantial variability in the pattern of motivational correlates across depressive dimensions. Low PA exhibited the narrowest motivational profile, associating with only the tendency to prioritize smoking over other reinforcers. NA demonstrated a broader profile, associating with smoking for affect regulation and cognitive enhancement as well as prioritizing smoking. SF associated with prioritizing smoking and smoking because of cue exposure, craving, and weight control. IP demonstrated the broadest profile, associating with 7 of 13 motivational domains. These findings may assist the tailoring cessation interventions for smokers with depressive symptoms.

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Subliminal processing of smoking-related and affective stimuli in tobacco addiction.

Cited by 31 publications

References 58 publications

A quantitative analysis of subjective, cognitive, and physiological manifestations of the acute tobacco abstinence syndrome

A quantitative analysis of subjective, cognitive, and physiological manifestations of the acute tobacco abstinence syndrome

Associations of Functional and Dysfunctional Impulsivity to Smoking Characteristics

Associations Between Depressive Symptom Dimensions and Smoking Dependence Motives

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