Subliminal perception is continuous with conscious vision and can be predicted from prestimulus electroencephalographic activity

Railo, Henry; Piccin, Roberto; Lukasik, Karolina M.

doi:10.1111/ejn.15354

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…This is consistent with research on “unconscious” saccadic reactions in monkeys (Isa & Yoshida, 2021; Yoshida & Isa, 2015). Similar correlation with conscious perceptual sensitivity and alleged “unconscious” perception have also been reported previously (Koivisto et al, 2021; Railo et al, 2021). Interestingly, similar pattern was not observed in Experiment 2.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Neurologically healthy humans’ ability to make saccades toward unseen targets

Olkoniemi

Hurme

Railo

2022

Preprint

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Blindsight patients who have a visual field loss due to a lesion in primary visual cortex (V1) can shift their gaze to stimuli presented in their blind visual field, but the extent to which this is a residual capacity that is not affected by the lesion or caused by neural reorganization is open. Using retinotopically navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of primary visual cortex (V1; Experiment 1, N = 9) and metacontrast masking (Experiment 2, N = 13), we examined the ability of neurologically healthy individuals to make saccadic eye movements to visual stimuli they report being unconscious of. In both experiments we observed that participants could initiate saccades towards targets they reported not seeing, but in TMS experiment, this happened only on a small proportion (∼8%) of unconscious trials. Because saccades towards reportedly unconscious stimuli could be initiated despite V1 TMS, the results suggest that the process may be independent of V1. That said, signal detection theoretic measures suggested that in the TMS experiment, saccades towards reportedly unconscious stimuli may have been based on weak conscious experiences. With both TMS and metacontrast masking, reduced visibility of stimuli was associated with slower and less precise gaze shift. Our results indicate that in neurologically healthy individuals, visual stimuli can trigger saccadic gaze shifts even when the target is reported not consciously perceived, although the reliability, accuracy, and speed of such saccades is inferior when compared to saccades initiated in response to consciously perceived targets.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Neurologically healthy humans’ ability to make saccades toward unseen targets

Olkoniemi

Hurme

Railo

2022

Preprint

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“…Pre-stimulus brain activity also modifies perceptual (van Dijk et al, 2008) and pain (Taesler and Rose, 2016) thresholds. Therefore, depending on the pre-stimulus activity, decisions can be made, even in the absence of actual evidence (Barik et al, 2019; Wöstmann et al, 2019), or under ambiguous evidence (Rassi et al, 2019; Railo et al, 2021). Along the same lines, Kloosterman et al (2019) have shown that biases were implemented through local changes in accumulation rate, which supports the intertwining of accumulation rate and pre-stimulus states.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accounting for endogenous effects in decision-making with a non-linear diffusion decision model

Hoxha

Chevallier

Ciarchi

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The Drift-Diffusion Model (DDM) is widely accepted for two-alternative forced-choice decision paradigms thanks to its simple formalism, straightforward interpretation, and close fit to behavioral and neurophysiological data. However, this formalism presents strong limitations to capture inter-trial dependency and dynamics at the single-trial level. We propose a novel model, the non-linear Drift-Diffusion Model (nl-DDM), that addresses these issues by allowing the existence of several trajectories to the decision boundary. We show that the fitting accuracy of our model is comparable to the accuracy of the DDM, with the non-linear model performing better than the drift-diffusion model for an equivalent complexity. To give better intuition on the meaning of nl-DDM parameters, we compare the DDM and the nl-DDM through correlation analysis. This paper provides evidence of the functioning of our model as an extension of the DDM. Our model paves the way toward more accurately analyzing single-trial dynamics for perceptual decisions and accounts for pre- and post-stimulus influences.

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“…Reporting a perceptual experience without controlling or measuring the response criterion could overestimate the unconscious processing (i.e., conservative response criterion; Finkbeiner & Coltheart, 2014) because under limited visibility conditions there could be a tendency to report the absence of an experience. Future studies should employ and report signal detection measures of criterion or bias (Stanislaw & Todorov, 1999) and the relationship with task accuracy (e.g., Railo et al, 2021) in order to understand a possible moderator or confound of the unconscious effect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unconscious Visual Working Memory: a critical review and Bayesian meta-analysis

Gambarota¹,

Tsuchiya²,

Pastore³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The relationship between consciousness and working memory (WM) has been recently debated both at the theoretical and methodological levels (Persuh et al., 2018; Velichkovsky, 2017). While there is behavioral and neural evidence that argues for the existence of unconscious WM, several methodological concerns have been raised, rendering this issue highly controversial. To address the robustness of the previous findings, here we adopt a meta-analytic approach to estimate the effect size and heterogeneity of the previously reported unconscious WM results, also including unpublished results. We used meta-regression to isolate relevant experimental variables, in particular, consciousness manipulation and WM paradigm to identify the source of the heterogeneity in the reported effect size of the unconscious WM. Our meta-analysis supports the existence of the unconscious WM effect and critically reveals several experimental variables that contribute to relevant heterogeneity. Our analysis clarifies several theoretical and methodological issues. We recommend that future studies explicitly operationalize the definition of consciousness, standardize the methodology and systematically explore the role of critical variables for the unconscious WM effect.

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Subliminal perception is continuous with conscious vision and can be predicted from prestimulus electroencephalographic activity

Cited by 13 publications

References 83 publications

Neurologically healthy humans’ ability to make saccades toward unseen targets

Neurologically healthy humans’ ability to make saccades toward unseen targets

Accounting for endogenous effects in decision-making with a non-linear diffusion decision model

Unconscious Visual Working Memory: a critical review and Bayesian meta-analysis

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