Subliminal exposure to faces and racial attitudes: Exposure to Whites makes Whites like Blacks less

Smith, Paul Julian; Dijksterhuis, Ap; Chaiken, Shelly

doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2007.01.006

Cited by 51 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Monahan and colleagues termed this phenomenon the Mere Exposure Effect. Recent research about emotions induced by subliminal stimulus from the Mere Exposure Effect has been applied to research on racial attitude (Smith, Dijksterhuis, & Chalken, 2008). However, some researchers (Berridge & Winkielman, 2003;Winkielman & Berridge, 2004) argued that emotion induced by a subliminal stimulus was not necessarily implicit emotion, because sometimes an individual could be aware of the emotion induced by the subliminal stimulus.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit Positive Emotion Counteracts Ego Depletion

Ren¹,

Hu²,

Zhang³

et al. 2010

soc behav pers

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Previous researchers have shown that individual acts of self-regulation deplete individual psychological resources, resulting in poor subsequent self-regulation and ego depletion. It has also been shown that to counteract ego depletion, besides getting enough sleep or rest, positive emotions are important. In this study we aimed to establish whether or not implicit positive emotion is important in countering ego depletion. In 2 experiments measuring the duration of self-regulation after implicit positive emotion it was found that self-regulation counteracts ego depletion. Participants in an ego-depleted condition were exposed to subliminal positive stimuli and they persisted in subsequent self-regulation longer than another group of participants who were exposed to subliminal neutral stimuli.Psychological resources play important roles in individuals carrying out conscious activities. In previous studies it has been shown that an individual consumes a large amount of psychological resources to perform some acts of selfregulation. As a result, at that time, the individual lacks necessary psychological resources, that is, the individual experiences a state of ego depletion, which may lead to inappropriate subsequent self-regulation or out-of-control behavior by that individual (Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998; Muraven, SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND PERSONALITY, 2010, 38 (7), [919][920][921][922][923][924][925][926][927][928]

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit Positive Emotion Counteracts Ego Depletion

Ren¹,

Hu²,

Zhang³

et al. 2010

soc behav pers

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“…During the incongruent block, participants were instructed to press the left-arrow key whenever a nonself or dominant word appeared, and the right-arrow key whenever a self or subordinate word appeared. Due to our limited participant pool, and our interest in relative differences in IAT effects between conditions rather than absolute effects (Nosek, Greenwald, & Banaji, 2005), the order of blocks was held constant: the congruent block always preceded the incongruent block (see also Smith, Dijksterhuis, & Chaiken, 2008). The IAT effect here represents participants' relative ability to associate the self (versus others) with being dominant (versus subordinate).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moving Closer to Reach the Top: Approach Behavior Increases One's Sense of Power

Smith

McCulloch²,

Schouwstra³

2013

Social Cognition

Self Cite

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Power holders exhibit more approach behavior than those without power and are even expected by others to do so. We proposed that this strong association between power and approach should make approach behavior a useful cue for perceiving one's level of power: If I am approaching things, I must be powerful. Across three experiments, engaging in approach behavior led individuals to feel explicitly (Exp. 1) and implicitly (Exp. 2) more powerful and to feel better suited for high-power jobs (Exp. 3), without affecting conscious affective experiences.Furthermore, the effect was not dependent on specific physical movements; the same movement was psychologically framed as either approach or avoidance and affected participants' sense of power accordingly (Exp. 1 & 3). Since power itself leads to approach behavior, these results suggest a way power hierarchies may be unintentionally perpetuated or strengthened. In other words, approach behavior is clearly part of the mental representation of power.Previous research convincingly demonstrates that activating the concept of power activates approach behavior. Therefore, our main question is whether activating approach behavior also activates the concept of power. This advances the study of power because as with any mental representation, investigating bidirectionality is a basic way to study process. For example, in the goal literature, goals are mentally represented as a hierarchical structure containing motives, goals, plans, means, and behaviors. Not only do means prime goals, but goals also prime means (Shah & Kruglanski, 2003). Such a bidirectional relationship is functional. For instance, if you forget a particular means to a goal, highlighting that goal helps you remember other associated means (McCulloch, Aarts, Fujita, & Bargh, 2008). More relevant to the present research, Smith, Wigboldus, and Dijksterhuis (2008) found that the relationship between power and abstract thought is bidirectional: having power leads to more abstract thought (Smith & Trope, 2006), and inducing people to think abstractly makes them feel more powerful. Moving Closer to ReachOne cannot assume bidirectionality of relationships. For example, according to a metaphor-enriched perspective on cognition (Landau, Meier, & Keefer, 2010), people use knowledge about concrete attributes of objects and relations to interpret and evaluate more abstract concepts, but the reverse does not occur. Thus, information about spatial relations influences how people construe temporal relations, but activating information about temporal

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“…With regard to the mere exposure effect, only a few studies have focused on differences between implicit and explicit attitudes (e.g., Kawakami, 2012;Smith, Dijksterhuis, & Chaiken, 2008). This work has demonstrated that when stimuli are presented subliminally, changes occur in implicit but not explicit attitudes.…”

Section: Implicit and Explicit Attitude Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Self-Control Resources on the Interplay between Implicit and Explicit Attitude Processes in the Subliminal Mere Exposure Paradigm

Kawakami¹,

Miura²

2014

IJPS

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Recent studies have shown that the mere exposure effect under subliminal conditions is more likely to emerge for implicit attitudes than explicit attitudes. We tested whether the implicit effects of subliminal mere exposure could spill over to the explicit level by depleting self-control resources. Participants were subliminally exposed to a novel female photograph. Then, implicit and explicit attitudes toward an exposed and an unexposed photograph were measured. This basic design was crossed with a cognitive load manipulation, which should deplete the capacity of self-control resources (low cognitive load vs. high cognitive load). Results showed that the subliminal mere exposure effect occurred for not only implicit attitudes but also explicit attitudes when participants' cognitive resources were depleted in the high cognitive load condition. In contrast, when cognitive resources were not depleted, the subliminal mere exposure effect only emerged for implicit attitudes. These findings support the contention that self-control failures could facilitate implicit effects of subliminal mere exposure toward the explicit level.

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Subliminal exposure to faces and racial attitudes: Exposure to Whites makes Whites like Blacks less

Cited by 51 publications

References 55 publications

Implicit Positive Emotion Counteracts Ego Depletion

Implicit Positive Emotion Counteracts Ego Depletion

Moving Closer to Reach the Top: Approach Behavior Increases One's Sense of Power

Effects of Self-Control Resources on the Interplay between Implicit and Explicit Attitude Processes in the Subliminal Mere Exposure Paradigm

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