2005
DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2004.05.002
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Sublethal effects of the toxic alga Heterosigma akashiwo on the southeastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica)

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Cited by 55 publications
(51 citation statements)
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References 34 publications
(33 reference statements)
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“…Heterosigma akashiwo was the most common and abundant potentially harmful algal species noted during this study, with the duration and intensity of its blooms being the most evident differences among sites in the phytoplankton community composition. This raphidophyte damages the digestive system in shellfish (Keppler et al 2005), and pHAB biomass was indeed positively correlated with SI oyster mortality. Diatoms were also highly correlated with instant oyster mortality at SI, although they only represented < 6% of the total biomass at this site.…”
Section: General Phytoplanktonmentioning
confidence: 88%
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“…Heterosigma akashiwo was the most common and abundant potentially harmful algal species noted during this study, with the duration and intensity of its blooms being the most evident differences among sites in the phytoplankton community composition. This raphidophyte damages the digestive system in shellfish (Keppler et al 2005), and pHAB biomass was indeed positively correlated with SI oyster mortality. Diatoms were also highly correlated with instant oyster mortality at SI, although they only represented < 6% of the total biomass at this site.…”
Section: General Phytoplanktonmentioning
confidence: 88%
“…Harmful algal blooms (HABs) can cause shellfish mortalities by means of oxygen depletion and/or tox in production (Shum way et al 1990, Lands berg 2002. HABs can also re duce shellfish growth rates (Alexander et al 2006) and filtration efficiencies (Gainey & Shumway 1988, Cassis & Taylor 2006, as well as damaging their digestive systems (Keppler et al 2005, Galimany et al 2008). Oysters may succumb to opportunistic viral and bacterial infections during or after periods of heightened environmental and/ or physiological stress (Fried man et al 1991, Cheney et al 2000, Burge et al 2007).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…28,29) Lysosomal destabilization is therefore considered to be a well-established and sensitive biomarker of cellular stress in shellfish, 30) for example, an elevated lysosomal destabilization rate has been demonstrated in oysters exposed to the raphidophycean flagellate, Heterosigma akashiwo. 22) Figure 3 shows a gradual increase in the lysosomal destabilization rate observed in the clams exposed to the live cell suspension of H. circularisquama, together with the exposure time, whereas C. marina and H. triquetra caused no significant increase in lysosomal destabilization. The disrupted cell suspension and culture supernatant prepared from each of these flagellates had no significant effect.…”
mentioning
confidence: 98%
“…A neutral red (NR) lysosomal retention assay of the hemocytes was conducted by following the method previously described. 21,22) In brief, hemocytes were withdrawn from a clam in physiological saline. The cell suspension was mixed with a neutral red solution and then incubated in the dark at room temperature for 1 h. The stained cells were examined under an optical microscope to evaluate the NR A and B, Toxic effects on short-necked clams.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These blooms can be ichthyotoxic, causing mortality in both caged and naturally occurring fish populations (Honjo 1993;Khan et al 1997). Sublethal effects, including the destabilization of cellular defense mechanisms in oysters (Keppler et al 2005) and altered respiratory activity of mammalian cells (Twiner et al 2004) have been observed upon exposure to H. akashiwo. Although there is no consensus on the mode of toxicity for H. akashiwo, possible modes include the production of reactive oxygen species (Twiner et al 2001), mucus (Nakamura et al 1998), and neurotoxins (Khan et al 1997).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%