Subjectivism and the Mental

Merlo, Giovanni

doi:10.1111/1746-8361.12153

Cited by 14 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The latter question avoids Cartesian dualism by focusing on the presence of the experience, rather than on which entity has the experience. This approach is closely related to the theory of "egocentric presentism" proposed by Hare (2007Hare ( , 2009 (see also Hare (2010) and the closely related subjectivist theory laid out by Merlo (2016)), which is a subtle form of solipsism according to which only one human being's perspective is "present." Other recent work on these questions includes that by Johnston (2011) (e.g., the section "Am I Now Contingently Johnston?…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

A Puzzle about Further Facts

Conitzer

2018

Erkenn

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The late Stephen Hawking has warned that AI could eventually "spell the end of the human race." Elon Musk has predicted that "robots will be able to do everything better than us." Meanwhile, AI systems are starting to outperform people in domains ranging from board games to speech recognition. Is humanity on the way out?For those not working in AI, it can be difficult to interpret highly visible achievements in the field. Take, for example, Watson's 2011 victory over human Jeopardy champions Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings. This was a stunning achievement: while it should surprise nobody that Watson had access to an encyclopedic amount of knowledge, Jeopardy is a game that requires more than that. The hard part -at least for AI systems, but often also for humansisn't having access to the relevant information, but rather understanding the clue well enough to link it to that. Even many AI researchers, myself included, thought this would remain beyond the capabilities of AI systems for a while to come. We were wrong.But does this mean that Watson had obtained a human-level understanding of the world? No. Watson also produced some cringeworthy responses, for example "What is Toronto?" for a clue in the "US cities" category. This is part of a broader pattern of AI systems achieving superhuman levels of performance, and yet making blunders that leave us scratching our heads. For example, researchers from Carnegie Mellon were able to consistently fool a face recognition system that one of them, clearly a man, was actress Milla Jovovich, by wearing carefully designed eyeglass frames [3].In both cases, what causes the mistake is that the AI system solves the problem in a way that is very different from how humans do it. Often, this involves picking up on some statistical pattern that can be used to surprisingly great effect, but that sometimes produces answers that lack any common sense. Moreover, if something changes about how the data is produced, performance may plummet. This is especially so when the change is intended to mislead the system, as in the case of adding the eyeglass frames.This gives some insight into which jobs, or parts of jobs, the AI systems of today and tomorrow are likely to take over from us. Tasks that require responding to the same kind of standardized input over and over again, with a clear measure

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

A Puzzle about Further Facts

Conitzer

2018

Erkenn

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“…6 Recent literature in philosophy addresses the apparent datum that a single subjective experience is present (Valberg 2007;Hare 2007;2009;Hellie 2013;Merlo 2016;Conitzer 2018).…”

Section: Designing Agents' Beliefsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing Preferences, Beliefs, and Identities for Artificial Intelligence

Conitzer

2019

AAAI

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Research in artificial intelligence, as well as in economics and other related fields, generally proceeds from the premise that each agent has a well-defined identity, well-defined preferences over outcomes, and well-defined beliefs about the world. However, as we design AI systems, we in fact need to specify where the boundaries between one agent and another in the system lie, what objective functions these agents aim to maximize, and to some extent even what belief formation processes they use. The premise of this paper is that as AI is being broadly deployed in the world, we need well-founded theories of, and methodologies and algorithms for, how to design preferences, identities, and beliefs. This paper lays out an approach to address these problems from a rigorous foundation in decision theory, game theory, social choice theory, and the algorithmic and computational aspects of these fields.

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“…The extreme view of moral relativism is subjectivism, in which moral acts are strictly assessed according to personal views. Ethical subjectivism is the belief that moral claims are relative to the conventions of individuals (Merlo ), as opposed to communities. Consider this real‐life example—to a survivor of an airplane crash that took place in a remote area, eating the flesh of a dead passenger is perfectly legitimate and morally sound.…”

Section: Literature Review Theoretical Background and Hypotheses Dementioning

confidence: 99%

Epistemology, Moral Philosophy and Optimism: A Comparative Analysis Between Managers and their Subordinates

Rawwas¹,

Hammoud²,

Iyer³

2019

Business and Society Review

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The process of making ethical judgments is much more complex than studying only personal moral philosophy variables (idealism and relativism). The renewed interest in epistemic values (virtue and vice epistemology) in contemporary philosophy has shown significant relevance to understanding ethical behavior and such values may be better predictors than studying only idealism and relativism. The purpose of this exploratory study is to examine employees' personal moral philosophies, optimism, epistemic values, and various organizational unethical practices as compared to their managers. We used Rawwas' items of epistemology in this study. The sample consisted Mohammed Y.A. Rawwas is a Professor of Marketing, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614-0126.

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Subjectivism and the Mental

Cited by 14 publications

References 32 publications

A Puzzle about Further Facts

A Puzzle about Further Facts

Designing Preferences, Beliefs, and Identities for Artificial Intelligence

Epistemology, Moral Philosophy and Optimism: A Comparative Analysis Between Managers and their Subordinates

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