Subjective Responses to Oral Tobacco Products: Scale Validation

Hatsukami, Dorothy K.; Zhang, Yan; O’Connor, Richard J.; Severson, Herb

doi:10.1093/ntr/nts265

Cited by 49 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…The positive and negative affect schedule was also used (Watson et al, 1988). The Cigarette Characteristics Questionnaire (Hatsukami et al, 2013b) was administered to evaluate ratings of flavor, strength, harshness, level of nicotine, and cigarette liking and disliking.…”

Section: Questionnairesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced-Nicotine Cigarettes in Young Smokers: Impact of Nicotine Metabolism on Nicotine Dose Effects

Faulkner

Ghahremani

Tyndale

et al. 2017

Neuropsychopharmacol

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The use of cigarettes delivering different nicotine doses allows evaluation of the contribution of nicotine to the smoking experience. We compared responses of 46 young adult smokers to research cigarettes, delivering 0.027, 0.110, 0.231, or 0.763 mg nicotine, and conventional cigarettes. On five separate days, craving, withdrawal, affect, and sustained attention were measured after overnight abstinence and again after smoking. Participants also rated each cigarette, and the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR) was used to identify participants as normal or slow metabolizers. All cigarettes equally alleviated craving, withdrawal, and negative affect in the whole sample, but normal metabolizers reported greater reductions of craving and withdrawal than slow metabolizers, with dose-dependent effects. Only conventional cigarettes and, to a lesser degree, 0.763-mg nicotine research cigarettes increased sustained attention. Finally, there were no differences between ratings of lower-dose cigarettes, but the 0.763-mg cigarettes and (even more so) conventional cigarettes were rated more favorably than lower-dose cigarettes. The findings indicate that smoking-induced relief of craving and withdrawal reflects primarily non-nicotine effects in slow metabolizers, but depends on nicotine dose in normal metabolizers. By contrast, relief of withdrawal-related attentional deficits and cigarette ratings depend on nicotine dose regardless of metabolizer status. These findings have bearing on the use of reduced-nicotine cigarettes to facilitate smoking cessation and on policy regarding regulation of nicotine content in cigarettes. They suggest that normal and slow nicotine metabolizers would respond differently to nicotine reduction in cigarettes, but that irrespective of metabolizer status, reductions to o0.763 mg/cigarette may contribute to temporary attentional deficits.

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Section: Questionnairesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced-Nicotine Cigarettes in Young Smokers: Impact of Nicotine Metabolism on Nicotine Dose Effects

Faulkner

Ghahremani

Tyndale

et al. 2017

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…Additionally, subjective effect reports frequently evaluate averseness of using the drug, which can reflect facets of oral consumption (e.g., taste) and acute physiological responses (e.g., dizziness, nausea). Another component often indexed is the intensity of the drug, which reflects the potency of the addictive agent with respect to intoxication effects or taste [ 43 , 46 ]. Greater averseness and elevated intensity are both inversely related to abuse liability, as these negative experiences may reduce the reinforcing nature of the drug and the likelihood of repeated, compulsive use [ 43 , 46 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foods are differentially associated with subjective effect report questions of abuse liability

2017

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ObjectivesThe current study investigates which foods may be most implicated in addictive-like eating by examining how nutritionally diverse foods relate to loss of control consumption and various subjective effect reports. Subjective effect reports assess the abuse liabilities of substances and may similarly provide insight into which foods may be reinforcing in a manner that triggers an addictive-like response for some individuals.DesignCross-sectional.SettingOnline community.Participants507 participants (n = 501 used in analyses) recruited through Amazon MTurk.MeasurementsParticipants (n = 501) self-reported how likely they were to experience a loss of control over their consumption of 30 nutritionally diverse foods and rated each food on five subjective effect report questions that assess the abuse liability of substances (liking, pleasure, craving, averseness, intensity). Hierarchical cluster analytic techniques were used to examine how foods grouped together based on each question.ResultsHighly processed foods, with added fats and/or refined carbohydrates, clustered together and were associated with greater loss of control, liking, pleasure, and craving. The clusters yielded from the subjective effect reports assessing liking, pleasure, and craving were most similar to clusters formed based on loss of control over consumption, whereas the clusters yielded from averseness and intensity did not meaningfully differentiate food items.ConclusionThe present work applies methodology used to assess the abuse liability of substances to understand whether foods may vary in their potential to be associated with addictive-like consumption. Highly processed foods (e.g., pizza, chocolate) appear to be most related to an indicator of addictive-like eating (loss of control) and several subjective effect reports (liking, pleasure, craving). Thus, these foods may be particularly reinforcing and capable of triggering an addictive-like response in some individuals. Future research is warranted to understand whether highly processed foods are related to these indicators of abuse liability at a similar magnitude as addictive substances.

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“…In a related study with oral tobacco products, Hatsukami and colleagues (Hatsukami, Zhang, O’Connor, & Severson, 2013b) had smokers sample different brands of snus and dissolvables and report subjective effects. Participants then chose which product they preferred to use during a subsequent clinical trial.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary validity of the modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire in predicting the reinforcing effects of cigarettes that vary in nicotine content.

Arger

Heil

Sigmon

et al. 2017

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology

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Validity studies evaluating self-report measures in relation to behavioral preference of cigarettes varying in nicotine content are needed. The current study examined the relationship between ratings on the modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire (mCEQ) and the relative reinforcing effects of Spectrum research cigarettes (15.8, 5.2, 2.4, 0.4 milligrams per gram of tobacco). Data for this secondary analysis were obtained from a double-blind study (Higgins et al., 2017) evaluating the subjective and reinforcing effects of Spectrum cigarettes under acute smoking abstinence. Current smokers (N=26) were recruited from three vulnerable smoking populations (economically-disadvantaged women of reproductive age, opioid-maintained individuals, individuals with affective disorders). In Phase 1 (5 sessions), the mCEQ (Satisfaction, Psychological Reward, Enjoyment of Respiratory Tract Sensations, Craving Reduction, Aversion subscales) was administered following ad-lib smoking of Spectrum cigarettes and subscale differences scores were calculated by subtracting ratings of the 15.8 mg/g cigarette from ratings of the reduced nicotine content cigarettes. In Phase 2 (6 sessions), participants completed six two-dose concurrent choice tests. The relationship between mCEQ subscale difference scores from Phase 1 and nicotine dose choice from Phase 2 was examined using mixed-model repeated-measures analyses of variance. Higher Satisfaction and lower Aversion subscale difference scores were associated with choosing the 15.8 mg/g cigarette more than the 5.2, 2.4, and 0.4 mg/g cigarettes. Scores on the other mCEQ subscales were not associated with nicotine choice. These results provide support for validity of the mCEQ Satisfaction and Aversion subscales predicting the relative reinforcing effects and abuse liability of varying nicotine content cigarettes.

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Subjective Responses to Oral Tobacco Products: Scale Validation

Abstract: The PES may be a useful tool for the evaluation or oral tobacco products.

Cited by 49 publications

References 14 publications

Reduced-Nicotine Cigarettes in Young Smokers: Impact of Nicotine Metabolism on Nicotine Dose Effects

Reduced-Nicotine Cigarettes in Young Smokers: Impact of Nicotine Metabolism on Nicotine Dose Effects

Foods are differentially associated with subjective effect report questions of abuse liability

Preliminary validity of the modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire in predicting the reinforcing effects of cigarettes that vary in nicotine content.

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