Subjective effects of the nicotine lozenge: assessment of abuse liability

Abstract

Results suggest that the nicotine lozenge has low abuse liability, both in adults and young adults. The lozenge reduces craving to smoke, although craving reduction may not apply to young adults (18-21 years). Subjective effects of the lozenge are consistent with utility as a smoking cessation aid and are comparable to those of nicotine gum.

Nicotine and nonnicotine factors in cigarette addiction

“…Although subjective measures are not a substitute for behavioral measures of reinforcing efficacy, they are widely used in abuse liability assessments (e.g., Houtsmuller et al 2003;Henningfield et al 1985), and we have collected subjective ratings as one strategy for assessing the importance of nicotine and other smoke constituents. Previous research had suggested that, under some circumstances, IV nicotine administration has subjective rewarding effects.…”

Methods to assess potential reduced exposure products

“…Abuse liability may be measured in several ways, including assessing the subjective effects that it produces (Griffiths, Bigelow, & Ator, 2003). Subjective effects measures include the Addiction Research Center Inventory (Houtsmuller, Fant, Eissenberg, Henningfield, & Stitzer, 2002;Houtsmuller, Henningfield, & Stitzer, 2003;Jasinski, 1977; W. R. Martin, Sloan, Sapiro, & Jasinski, 1971;Schuh, Schuh, Henningfield, & Stitzer, 1997), the Duke Cigarette Evaluation Scale (Lee, Malson, Moolchan, & Pickworth, 2004;Rose, Behm, Westman, & Johnson, 2000;Westman, Levin, & Rose, 1992), the Profile of Mood States (McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1992;Schuh et al, 1997), and a variety of items assessing the valence and magnitude of drug effects (e.g., Houtsmuller et al, 2002Houtsmuller et al, , 2003. In these studies, subjective responses have been compared across drugs or products being tested.…”

The potential of nicotinic enhancement of cognitive remediation training in schizophrenia

“…Administration via a route through which nicotine has not been consumed recreationally may minimize such priming mechanisms. In neversmokers, exposure to nAChR agonists is not expected to facilitate the initiation of smoking because their effects have never been associated with dependent smoking, and the protracted absorption from a tablet, gum, lozenge or patch, as opposed to the rapid delivery via inhalation, works against any reinforcing effects and abuse liability (Johanson and Fischman, 1989;Wakasa et al, 1995;Houtsmuller et al, 2003).…”