Subject to deportation: IRCA, 'criminal aliens', and the policing of immigration

Anatomy of Offending: Human Trafficking in the United States, 2006–2011

“…As depicted in this study, in a criminal sense, human trafficking is unlike other types of crime in certain ways (Agustin 2003(Agustin , 2006(Agustin , 2007Chin, 1999;Denton, 2010;Pastore et al, 2006;Pickup, 1998): Traditionally, migrants to/in the United States do not commit crimes at a higher rate than the general nonmigrant population (Inda, 2013), although, tautologically, migrants represent the vast majority of migration-related offenses; the onset age of engaging in trafficking is higher than other types of crimes (Farrington, 1986;Piquero, Farrington, & Blumstein, 2007), such as property and violent crime, though it remains undetermined the extent to which individuals engage in criminal activity prior to the trafficking offense; there is a higher level of female involvement as offenders than is noted in other forms of criminal behavior (aside from the sex trade) (Fagan, 1994); there is a high level of organization suggesting organized crime is involved, though the fluidity and structure of trafficking (Neske, 2006;Pastore et al, 2006) suggests otherwise; in many cases (Agustin, 2002(Agustin, , 2003(Agustin, , 2006(Agustin, , 2007Chin, 1999;Denton, 2010;Pastore et al, 2006;Richards, 2004), the trafficked individual (or victim) approaches the trafficker 26 for assistance often, but not invariably, knowing the possibilities of what lay ahead; finally, large portions of the human-trafficking literature embrace popular and sensationalized media representations of human trafficking unjustifiably setting this apart from much of a) Node size based on centrality measures b) Node size based on sentence length criminological literature and theory (Denton, 2010). These difficulties compound the circumstance that human trafficking largely operates in a grey area.…”

Matryoshka Journeys: Im/mobility During Migration

“…18 The result has been a dramatic increase in immigrant detention and deportation. 19 The post---9/11 reorganization of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) as the U.S.…”

The migration response to the Legal Arizona Workers Act

“…This is the taproot of the current system of expedited removal. Noncitizens convicted of aggravated felonies, for example, can now be removed from the US without process (Inda 2013). …”