Subforaminal bridges in Hymenoptera (Insecta), with a focus on Chalcidoidea

Burks, Roger A.; Heraty, John M.

doi:10.1016/j.asd.2014.12.003

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…B). This structure is present in most Hymenoptera, except Xyeloidea and most Tenthredinoidea; it might have evolved several times among the basal lineages of the order, but the interpretation of the formation of the various ventral head sclerotizations has been contentious (Vilhelmsen, , ; Burks & Heraty, ). In the taxon sample employed in the present paper, the ventral sclerotization is present outside the Cimbicidae only in a few Pergidae, making it unlikely that it is a ground plan trait of the Tenthredinoidea.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Giant sawflies and their kin: morphological phylogeny of Cimbicidae (Hymenoptera)

Vilhelmsen

2018

Systematic Entomology

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The Cimbicidae is a small family including the largest extant true sawflies (Tenthredinoidea). It comprises four subfamilies, three of which have a northern hemisphere distribution (Abiinae, Cimbicinae -Holarctic/Oriental; Corynidinae -Palaearctic), whereas the Pachylostictinae are restricted to South America. No previous attempts have been made to evaluate the subfamily classification in a cladistic context. In the present paper, 144 morphological characters from the adult anatomy for a total of 95 species of Cimbicidae and 26 outgroup taxa are scored. All subfamilies and all genera of Cimbicidae except one are represented; all families of Tenthredinoidea are represented in the outgroup. Equal weights (EW) and implied weights (IW) analyses are conducted in tnt. The results largely corroborate the existing subfamily classification, except for Pachylostictinae which are paraphyletic in IW analyses with low K-values. Abiinae + Cimbicinae is always retrieved and strongly supported; Corynidinae + Pachylostictinae is retrieved in most analyses but weakly supported. Revised diagnoses of the subfamilies are provided. Several genera are retrieved as monophyletic, notable exceptions being Praia and Trichiosoma, which are polyphyletic. The evolution of large body size in Cimbicidae is briefly discussed; possible related phenomena are intrasexual competition and mimicry, i.e. resemblance to large apids or vespids.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Giant sawflies and their kin: morphological phylogeny of Cimbicidae (Hymenoptera)

Vilhelmsen

2018

Systematic Entomology

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“…There is considerable discussion concerning the nature of the entire subforaminal bridge in different hymenopteran taxa (Snodgrass, ; Vilhelmsen, , ; Burks & Heraty, ), and a few comments were made above. As stated by previous authors (Snodgrass, ; Michener, ), both hypostomata are always connected by the hypostomal bridge in bees, and thus the singular term hypostoma is correctly used in this case.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative morphology of the mandibles and head structures of corbiculate bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apini)

Porto

Vilhelmsen

Almeida

2015

Systematic Entomology

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Phylogenetic relationships of corbiculate bees have been a well-known focus of controversies over the past 30 years. The majority of the morphological datasets support the monophyly of Apina + Meliponina, whereas molecular datasets recover Meliponina as sister to Bombina. This issue is especially critical to the proper understanding of the evolution of clusters of traits that define the corbiculate eusocial behaviour. This work provides a description and discussion on characters of the head capsule, mandibles and sitophore of bees. Thirty-three characters are proposed and optimized within concurrent phylogenetic hypotheses for corbiculate bees, which results in seven derived character-states supporting the monophyly of the Apina + Meliponina + Bombina and nine supporting the Apina + Meliponina clades. Although some striking synapomorphies (e.g. tentorial bridge, pleurostomal condyle, hypopharyngeal lobe) support the former clade, most characters supporting the latter (i.e. Apina + Meliponina) were losses/reductions. Moreover, two previously undescribed character transformations on hypostoma and sitophore favour the Bombina + Meliponina clade. Internal head capsule characters are useful for phylogenetic analysis in comparative studies of bees, and corbiculate bees in particular, when efforts are made to solve the 'corbiculate controversy'. An attempt is made to standardize the current terminology used for bees and for other Hymenoptera.

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“…Phylogenetic informativeness of the characters of the head capsule in Hymenoptera was highlighted recently (Vilhelmsen, 2011; Burks and Heraty, 2015; Zimmermann and Vilhelmsen, 2016). However, interpretation is difficult and requires landmarks (Burks and Heraty, 2015). More precisely, the identity of the sclerotized structures between the occipital foramen and the oral fossa is still debated.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Ultra‐Conserved Elements and morphology reciprocally illuminate conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses in Chalcididae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea)

et al. 2020

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show abstract

Subforaminal bridges in Hymenoptera (Insecta), with a focus on Chalcidoidea

Cited by 15 publications

References 33 publications

Giant sawflies and their kin: morphological phylogeny of Cimbicidae (Hymenoptera)

Giant sawflies and their kin: morphological phylogeny of Cimbicidae (Hymenoptera)

Comparative morphology of the mandibles and head structures of corbiculate bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apini)

Ultra‐Conserved Elements and morphology reciprocally illuminate conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses in Chalcididae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea)

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