Subcritical compaction and yielding of granular quartz sand

Karner, Stephen L.; Chester, F. M.; Kronenberg, A. K.; Chester, J. S.

doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2003.10.006

Cited by 95 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…We infer from the lack of time-and temperature-dependent effects that compaction in cold ice is the result of brittle failure of granules, and scaling the crushing curves for ice and for quartz by brittle strength gives reasonably good support for this inference. Crush curves for quartz sand vary considerably depending on factors such as starting porosity and grain size distribution, but broadly differ from ours in Figure 2 by a factor of 20 [Borg et al, 1960;Karner et al, 2003;Maxwell, 1960]. This factor compares well to the ratio of unconfined brittle compressive strength for quartz at room T ($2 GPa, [Borg et al, 1960]) to that for ice at T = 77 K MPa (50 -150 MPa [Durham et al, 1983]).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Cold compaction of water ice

Durham

McKinnon

Stern

2005

Geophysical Research Letters

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[1] Hydrostatic compaction of granulated water ice was measured in laboratory experiments at temperatures 77 K to 120 K. We performed step-wise hydrostatic pressurization tests on 5 samples to maximum pressures P of 150 MPa, using relatively tight (0.18 -0.25 mm) and broad (0.25 -2.0 mm) starting grain-size distributions. Compaction change of volume is highly nonlinear in P, typical for brittle, granular materials. No time-dependent creep occurred on the lab time scale. Significant residual porosity ($0.10) remains even at highest P. Examination by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals a random configuration of fractures and broad distribution of grain sizes, again consistent with brittle behavior. Residual porosity appears as smaller, wellsupported micropores between ice fragments. Over the interior pressures found in smaller midsize icy satellites and Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs), substantial porosity can be sustained over solar system history in the absence of significant heating and resultant sintering.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Cold compaction of water ice

Durham

McKinnon

Stern

2005

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…At the same time, crushing tests conducted on single sand grains show an increase in the load at failure (F c = 30-350 N) with increasing grain size (d = 0.5-6.3 mm) [Gallagher, 1976;McDowell, 2002]. With regard to microscale failure mode, petrographic studies have revealed that the dominant grain failure mechanism leading to aggregate compaction and single-grain crushing is the development of tensile intra and transgranular cracks at grain contacts due to point loading [Bernabe and Brace, 1990;Chester et al, 2004;Chuhan et al, 2002;Gallagher et al, 1974;Gallagher, 1976Gallagher, , 1987Gill et al, 1990;Hangx et al, 2010;Karner et al, 2003;Myer et al, 1992;Wong, 1990;Zhang et al, 1990].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Failure behavior of single sand grains: Theory versus experiment

et al. 2011

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[1] Grain-scale brittle fracture and grain rearrangement play an important role in controlling the compaction behavior of reservoir rocks during the early stages of burial. Therefore, the understanding of single-grain failure is important. We performed constant displacement rate crushing tests carried out on selected, well-rounded, single sand grains and on randomly sampled grains from different grain size (d) batches of pure quartz sand. Applying a Hertzian fracture mechanics model for grain crushing, the critical load at failure (F c ) data obtained for the selected grains were converted into an accurate estimate of the size of flaws associated with failure (c f ). Similarly, the distributed F c data obtained from the different batch samples were converted into distributions of grain failure stress. Weibull weakest link theory could not explain the observed grain failure behavior. On the contrary, the Hertzian grain failure criterion enabled the conversion of the distributed F c data, for the batch samples, into distributions of c f , assuming spherical grains, or of "effective" radius of curvature (r g ), characterizing contact surface asperities in the case of nonspherical grains. In contrast to the model of Zhang et al. (1990), our work shows that there is no clear physical basis for a grain size dependence of c f . However, since roundness data for dune sands exhibit a similar relation between r g and d, as seen in our grain size batches, it is inferred that the Hertzian fracture mechanics model assuming nonspherical grains with a distributed r g is the most physically reasonable model for grain failure.

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“…Specifically, subcritical crack growth in the presence of water is believed to be facilitated by chemical reaction -and the resulting process termed stress corrosion (ATKINSON, 1979). Under hydrothermal conditions where fluid-rock reaction is enhanced, this process has been rigorously investigated to both understand and ultimately predict the development of fracturing of the rock matrix (e.g., ATKINSON and MEREDITH, 1981;DOVE, 1995;FENG et al, 2001;NARA and KANEKO, 2005), and is also applied to describe the compaction behavior in granular aggregates (SHUTJENS, 1991;CHESTER et al, 2004;KARNER et al, 2003). Notably, CHESTER et al (2004) conclude that under low effective pressures the subcritical-cracking-induced creep may be a dominant mechanism for granular compactions at 150°C or less.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compaction of a Rock Fracture Moderated by Competing Roles of Stress Corrosion and Pressure Solution

Yasuhara

Elsworth

2008

Pure appl. geophys.

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Abstract-Unusually rapid closure of stressed fractures, observed in the initial stages of loading and at low temperatures, is examined using models for subcritical crack growth and pressure solution. The model for stress corrosion examines tensile stress concentrations induced at the Hertzian contact of propping fracture asperities, and mediates fracture growth according to a kinetic rate law. Conversely, pressure solution is described by the rate-limiting process of dissolution, resulting from the elevated stresses realized at the propping asperity contact. Both models are capable of following the observed compaction of fractures in novaculite. However, closure rates predicted for stress corrosion cracking are orders of magnitudes faster than those predicted for pressure dissolution. For consistent kinetic parameters, predictions from stress corrosion better replicate experimental observations, especially in the short-term and at low temperature when mechanical effects are anticipated to dominate. Rates and magnitudes of both stress corrosion and pressure solution are dependent on stresses exerted over propping asperities. Rates of closure due to stress corrosion cracking are shown to be always higher than for pressure solution, except where stress corrosion ceases as contact areas grow, and local stresses drop below an activation threshold. A simple rate law is apparent for the progress of fracture closure, defined in terms of a constant and an exponent applied to the test duration. For current experimental observations, this rate law is shown to replicate early progress data, and shows promise to define the evolution of transport properties of fractures over extended durations.

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Subcritical compaction and yielding of granular quartz sand

Cited by 95 publications

References 22 publications

Cold compaction of water ice

Cold compaction of water ice

Failure behavior of single sand grains: Theory versus experiment

Compaction of a Rock Fracture Moderated by Competing Roles of Stress Corrosion and Pressure Solution

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