Subcortical Profile of Memory Compromise Among HIV-1-Infected Individuals

Schiller, Allen; Foley, Jessica; Burns, William J.; Sellers, Alfred H; Golden, Charles J.

doi:10.1080/00207450903192860

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(80 reference statements)

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“…below the seronegative group, in agreement with other studies [78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90], and again, it was noteworthy that co-infected patients in the early/asymptomatic stage of HIV-1 infection presented a significantly poorer performance in more complex tasks, suggesting additional limitations in initiating a systematic search of information in short-term/working memory [91]. Memory abilities are important for independent and successful management of activities of daily living [80,87], therefore, co-infected patients would be at higher risk of dependence on others in everyday functioning [87].…”

Section: Plos Onesupporting

confidence: 92%

Defects in immune response to Toxoplasma gondii are associated with enhanced HIV-1-related neurocognitive impairment in co-infected patients

Escobar-Guevara,

de Quesada-Martínez,

Roldán-Dávila

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and Toxoplasma gondii can invade the central nervous system and affect its functionality. Advanced HIV-1 infection has been associated with defects in immune response to T. gondii, leading to reactivation of latent infections and development of toxoplasmic encephalitis. This study evaluates relationship between changes in immune response to T. gondii and neurocognitive impairment in HIV-1/T. gondii co-infected patients, across different stages of HIV-1 infection. The study assessed the immune response to T. gondii by measuring cytokine production in response to parasite antigens, and also neurocognitive functions by performing auditory and visual P300 cognitive evoked potentials, short term memory (Sternberg) and executive function tasks (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-WCST) in 4 groups of individuals: HIV-1/T. gondii co-infected (P2), HIV-1-infected/T. gondii-non-infected (P1), HIV-1-non-infected/T. gondii-infected (C2) and HIV-1-non-infected/T. gondii-non-infected (C1). Patients (P1 and P2) were grouped in early/asymptomatic (P1A and P2A) or late/symptomatic (P1B/C and P2B/C) according to peripheral blood CD4+ T lymphocyte counts (>350 or <350/μL, respectively). Groups were compared using T-student or U-Mann-Whitney tests as appropriate, p<0.05 was considered as significantly. For P300 waves, HIV-1-infected patients (P1) had significantly longer latencies and significantly smaller amplitudes than uninfected controls, but HIV-1/T. gondii co-infected patients (P2) had significantly longer latencies and smaller amplitude than P1. P1 patients had significantly poorer results than uninfected controls in Sternberg and WCST, but P2 had significantly worse results than P1. HIV-1 infection was associated with significantly lower production of IL-2, TNF-α and IFN-γ in response to T. gondii from early/asymptomatic stages, when comparing P2 patients to C2 controls. These findings may indicate impairment in anti-parasitic response in co-infected patients, facilitating early limited reactivation of the parasitic latent infection, therefore creating cumulative damage in the brain and affecting neurocognitive functions from asymptomatic stages of HIV-1 infection, as suggested by defects in co-infected patients in this study.

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Section: Plos Onesupporting

confidence: 92%

Defects in immune response to Toxoplasma gondii are associated with enhanced HIV-1-related neurocognitive impairment in co-infected patients

Escobar-Guevara,

de Quesada-Martínez,

Roldán-Dávila

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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“…Five studies provided enough information to calculate effect sizes, which ranged from 0.45 to 1.12 [32, 33, 35–37]. Despite impaired recall, individuals infected with HIV often demonstrated intact recognition abilities [31–33]. There is also evidence of HIV-associated deficits in visual memory [24, 30, 31, 33, 34] with similar effect sizes ranging from 0.64 to 1.03 [24, 31, 33].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite impaired recall, individuals infected with HIV often demonstrated intact recognition abilities [31–33]. There is also evidence of HIV-associated deficits in visual memory [24, 30, 31, 33, 34] with similar effect sizes ranging from 0.64 to 1.03 [24, 31, 33]. Two additional studies finding HIV-related memory impairment created a composite score that included performance on both visual and verbal memory tasks, and so the specific contributions of each domain is unclear [30, 34].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Marijuana Use on Memory in HIV-Infected Patients: A Comprehensive Review of the HIV and Marijuana Literatures

Skalski

Towe

Sikkema

et al. 2017

CDAR

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Background The most robust neurocognitive effect of marijuana use is memory impairment. Memory deficits are also high among persons living with HIV/AIDS, and marijuana is the most commonly used drug in this population. Yet research examining neurocognitive outcomes resulting from co-occurring marijuana and HIV is limited. Objective The primary objectives of this comprehensive review are to: (1) examine the literature on memory functioning in HIV-infected individuals; (2) examine the literature on memory functioning in marijuana users; (3) synthesize findings and propose a theoretical framework to guide future research. Method PubMed was searched for English publications 2000–2013. Twenty-two studies met inclusion criteria in the HIV literature, and 23 studies in the marijuana literature. Results Among HIV-infected individuals, memory deficits with medium to large effect sizes were observed. Marijuana users also demonstrated memory problems, but results were less consistent due to the diversity of samples. Conclusion A compensatory hypothesis, based on the cognitive aging literature, is proposed to provide a framework to explore the interaction between marijuana and HIV. There is some evidence that individuals infected with HIV recruit additional brain regions during memory tasks to compensate for HIV-related declines in neurocognitive functioning. Marijuana use causes impairment in similar brain systems, and thus it is hypothesized that the added neural strain of marijuana can exhaust neural resources, resulting in pronounced memory impairment. It will be important to test this hypothesis empirically, and future research priorities are discussed.

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“…HAND symptoms result from neurodegeneration caused by the infiltration of the virus into the brain, and is characterized by a number of cognitive deficits [31]: one study found that cognitively asymptomatic HIV-positive individuals displayed abnormal visual spatial attention processing compared to HIV-negative controls [32], another found that HIV-positive individuals showed significant deficits in verbal working memory storage and processing [33], and another group characterized immediate, delayed (auditory/visual), and working memory deficits in HIV-positive males compared to controls, which they attributed to subcortical gray and white matter damage due to HIV infection [34]. …”

Section: Hiv-associated Neurocognitive Disorders (Hand)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Cognitive Aging in the HIV-Positive Adult

Kamkwalala

Newhouse

2017

Curr Behav Neurosci Rep

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Purpose of Review As of the year 2016, an estimated 50% of the United States' HIV-Positive population is aged 50 years or older. Due to a combination of increased rates of infection in older adults, and successful anti-retroviral (ART) regimens allowing HIV-positive adults to survive for decades with the disease, we are now faced with a steadily graying HIV-positive population, with only limited knowledge of how the cognitive and physiological effects of aging intersect with those of chronic HIV-infection. Recent Findings Age-related changes to mood, cognition, and neurological health may be experienced differently in those living with HIV, and research concerning quality of life, mental health, and cognitive aging needs to account for and explore these factors more carefully in the coming years. Summary This review will explore the topic of cognitive aging with HIV: 1. Central nervous system (CNS) infection of HIV and how the virus affects brain integrity and function; 2. Cognitive and behavioral symptoms of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND); 3. Neurobiological theories of Cognitive Aging and how these processes may be exacerbated by HIV-infection; 4: Clinical implications and complications of aging with HIV and factors that may result in poorer cognitive outcomes.

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Subcortical Profile of Memory Compromise Among HIV-1-Infected Individuals

Abstract: WMS-III indices discriminated HIV+ participants from normal comparisons. Inability to find differences between HIV+ and depressive and LD groups reflects the isolation of the subcortical effect to the HIV+ group.

Cited by 6 publications

References 41 publications

Defects in immune response to Toxoplasma gondii are associated with enhanced HIV-1-related neurocognitive impairment in co-infected patients

Defects in immune response to Toxoplasma gondii are associated with enhanced HIV-1-related neurocognitive impairment in co-infected patients

The Impact of Marijuana Use on Memory in HIV-Infected Patients: A Comprehensive Review of the HIV and Marijuana Literatures

Mechanisms of Cognitive Aging in the HIV-Positive Adult

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