Subcortical functions in cognition: Toward a consensus

Crosson, Bruce; Haaland, Kathleen Y.

doi:10.1017/s1355617703970068

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…It is not known whether this finding represents something which will be confirmed by future studies of episodic memory after TBI, or whether it is unique to this experiment and the condition of word recognition. It should be noted, however, that there is evidence that the structures shown to be active in this portion of the experiment are important in language processing (see Crosson & Haaland, 2003, for a review) as well as other cognitive functions. Even if these subcortical structures are not specifically damaged after TBI (as suggested by Primus, et al, 1997), they are highly interconnected through white matter tracts known to be especially susceptible to injury via TBI (e.g., Whyte, Hart, Laborde, & Rosenthal, 2005), and other researchers (e.g., Little, et al, 2010), have found differences in cognitive functioning associated with damage to thalamic projection fibers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of episodic memory after traumatic brain injury

Russell

Arenth

Scanlon

et al. 2011

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

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Traumatic brain injury often negatively impacts episodic memory; however studies of the neural substrates of this impairment have been limited. In this study, both encoding and recognition of visually presented stimuli were examined with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Twelve adults with chronic complicated mild, moderate, and severe injuries were compared with a matched group of twelve controls. Behavioral task performance did not differentiate the groups. During neuroimaging, however, the group of individuals with traumatic brain injury exhibited increased activation, as well as increased bilaterality and dispersion as compared to controls. Findings are discussed in terms of increased resource recruitment. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as an injury to the brain incurred through externally inflicted trauma. Such injuries may result in significant impairment of an individual's physical, cognitive and psychosocial functioning. One specific type of cognitive ability known to be compromised after TBI is episodic memory (Himanen, Porthin, Isoniemi, Helenius, & Kurki, 2006;Levin et al., 1990;Millis & Ricker, 1994;Wiegner & Donders, 1999;Wright, Schmitter-Edgecombe & Woo, 2010). As classically defined (e.g., by Baddeley, Harris, Sunderland, Watts & Wilson, 1987), the term episodic memory describes the ability to recall information regarding previously experienced stimuli, or events linked to a specific point in time. While the term "episodic memory" encompasses several types of cognitive tasks and operations, in the clinical setting, episodic memory is most frequently assessed by having individuals learn a stimulus set for recall and/or recognition at a later point in time.While it may be argued that other persisting cognitive deficits after TBI may cause even greater functional disablement than episodic memory (i.e., executive control deficits), individuals with TBI have been shown to have significant awareness of memory difficulties (Anderson & Schmitter-Edgecombe, 2009). In addition, assistance with memory issues has been one of the most frequently cited needs of individuals at one year post injury (e.g., Corrigan, Whiteneck, & Mellick, 2004). This awareness of need may be due to the fact that episodic memory difficulties can have a significant impact on daily living: in day to day functioning, impairment in episodic memory may contribute to difficulties with learning and retaining new information, as well as recall of functional tasks, appointments, assignments and obligations. While such difficulties may range from mild to severe, it is important to note that the diffuse and complex nature of TBI may result in multiple areas of cognitive deficit, with additive effects. As a result, even mild episodic memory impairment, when combined with executive control and other cognitive difficulties, may potentially have a NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript significant impact on the ability of an individual to complete household tasks or function in some employ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of episodic memory after traumatic brain injury

Russell

Arenth

Scanlon

et al. 2011

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

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“…The healthy participants also showed a cluster of activation in the right thalamus. The precise role of the thalamus in language processing is not clear (e.g., Crosson and Haaland, 2003). However, a number of studies suggest that it is involved in semantic processing (Raymer et al, 1997; Kraut et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Training verb argument structure production in agrammatic aphasia: Behavioral and neural recovery patterns

Thompson

Riley

Ouden

et al. 2013

Cortex

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Introduction-Neuroimaging and lesion studies indicate a left hemisphere network for verb and verb argument structure processing, involving both frontal and temporoparietal brain regions. Although their verb comprehension is generally unimpaired, it is well known that individuals with agrammatic aphasia often present with verb production deficits, characterized by an argument structure complexity hierarchy, indicating faulty access to argument structure representations for production and integration into syntactic contexts. Recovery of verb processing in agrammatism, however, has received little attention and no studies have examined the neural mechanisms associated with improved verb and argument structure processing. In the present study we trained agrammatic individuals on verbs with complex argument structure in sentence contexts and examined generalization to verbs with less complex argument structure. The neural substrates of improved verb production were examined using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).Methods-Eight individuals with chronic agrammatic aphasia participated in the study (four experimental and four control participants). Production of three-argument verbs in active sentences was trained using a sentence generation task emphasizing the verb's argument structure and the thematic roles of sentential noun phrases. Before and after training, production of trained and untrained verbs was tested in naming and sentence production and fMRI scans were obtained, using an action naming task.Results-Significant pre-to post-training improvement in trained and untrained (one-and twoargument) verbs was found for treated, but not control, participants, with between-group differences found for verb naming, production of verbs in sentences, and production of argument structure. fMRI activation derived from post-treatment compared to pre-treatment scans revealed upregulation in cortical regions implicated for verb and argument structure processing in healthy controls. Conclusions-Training verb deficits emphasizing argument structure and thematic role mapping is effective for improving verb and sentence production and results in recruitment of neural networks engaged for verb and argument structure processing in healthy individuals.

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“…Contemporary cognitive neuroscience implicates the striatum in a cortical‐subcortical network that mediates cognitive functions, including executive function, working memory (Crosson and Halland 2003) and language (Copland 2003), with these functions often impaired after TBI. Specifically, DAergic and glutamatergic interactions within cortical‐basal ganglia loops critically impact motor and cognitive function (Canales et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlled cortical impact injury affects dopaminergic transmission in the rat striatum

Wagner¹,

Sokoloski²,

Ren³

et al. 2005

Journal of Neurochemistry

124

141

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The therapeutic benefits of dopamine (DA) agonists after traumatic brain injury (TBI) imply a role for DA systems in mediating functional deficits post-TBI. We investigated how experimental TBI affects striatal dopamine systems using fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV), western blot, and d-amphetamine-induced rotational behavior. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were injured by a controlled cortical impact (CCI) delivered unilaterally to the parietal cortex, or were naïve controls. Amphetamine-induced rotational behavior was assessed 10 days post-CCI. Fourteen days post-CCI, animals were anesthetized and underwent FSCV with bilateral striatal carbon fiber microelectrode placement and stimulating electrode placement in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). Evoked DA overflow was assessed in the striatum as the MFB was electrically stimulated at 60 Hz for 10 s. In 23% of injured animals, but no naïve animals, rotation was observed with amphetamine administration. Compared with naïves, striatal evoked DA overflow was lower for injured animals in the striatum ipsilateral to injury (p < 0.05). Injured animals exhibited a decrease in V max (52% of naïve, p < 0.05) for DA clearance in the hemisphere ipsilateral to injury compared with naïves. Dopamine transporter (DAT) expression was proportionally decreased in the striatum ipsilateral to injury compared with naïve animals (60% of naïve, p < 0.05), despite no injury-related changes in vesicular monoamine transporter or D 2 receptor expression (DRD 2 ) in this region. Collectively, these data appear to confirm that the clinical efficacy of dopamine agonists in the treatment of TBI may be related to disruptions in the activity of subcortical dopamine systems.

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Subcortical functions in cognition: Toward a consensus

Cited by 21 publications

References 20 publications

A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of episodic memory after traumatic brain injury

A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of episodic memory after traumatic brain injury

Training verb argument structure production in agrammatic aphasia: Behavioral and neural recovery patterns

Controlled cortical impact injury affects dopaminergic transmission in the rat striatum

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