Subconjunctival <i>Dirofilaria repens</i> infection in a dog resident in the UK

Agapito, D.; Aziz, Norazlina Abdul; Wang, Tong; Morgan, Eric R.; Wright, I. P.

doi:10.1111/jsap.12795

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Dirofilaria repens infection was the aetiological cause of ocular lesions in a dog reporting conjunctivitis and later additional ocular and nasal mucopurulent discharge [202]. Worms were then found in a dorsonasal bulbar conjunctival mass and in the ventral palpebral conjunctival fornix and confirmed as D. repens by PCR.…”

Section: Canine Subcutaneous Dirofilariosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The introduction of the Pet Travel Scheme in 2000, allowing an easier movement of companion animals throughout the European Union [288], has likely contributed to the diffusion of D. repens in Europe. The first case of D. repens in a dog resident in UK was recently reported in a dog originated from Romania and was not easily identified [202], thus reactivating the discussion on the implications for establishment and spread of D. repens in non-endemic countries.…”

Section: Potential Drivers For the Emergence Of Dirofilaria Repensmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent advances on Dirofilaria repens in dogs and humans in Europe

et al. 2018

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Dirofilaria repens is a nematode affecting domestic and wild canids, transmitted by several species of mosquitoes. It usually causes a non-pathogenic subcutaneous infection in dogs and is the principal agent of human dirofilariosis in the Old World. In the last decades, D. repens has increased in prevalence in areas where it has already been reported and its distribution range has expanded into new areas of Europe, representing a paradigmatic example of an emergent pathogen. Despite its emergence and zoonotic impact, D. repens has received less attention by scientists compared to Dirofilaria immitis. In this review we report the recent advances of D. repens infection in dogs and humans, and transmission by vectors, and discuss possible factors that influence the spread and increase of this zoonotic parasite in Europe. There is evidence that D. repens has spread faster than D. immitis from the endemic areas of southern Europe to northern Europe. Climate change affecting mosquito vectors and the facilitation of pet travel seem to have contributed to this expansion; however, in the authors’ opinion, the major factor is likely the rate of undiagnosed dogs continuing to perpetuate the life-cycle of D. repens. Many infected dogs remain undetected due to the subclinical nature of the disease, the lack of rapid and reliable diagnostic tools and the poor knowledge and still low awareness of D. repens in non-endemic areas. Improved diagnostic tools are warranted to bring D. repens diagnosis to the state of D. immitis diagnosis, as well as improved screening of imported dogs and promotion of preventative measures among veterinarians and dog owners. For vector-borne diseases involving pets, veterinarians play a significant role in prevention and should be more aware of their responsibility in reducing the impact of the zoonotic agents. In addition, they should enhance multisectorial collaboration with medical entomologists and the public health experts, under the concept and the actions of One Health-One Medicine.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3205-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Canine Subcutaneous Dirofilariosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Potential Drivers For the Emergence Of Dirofilaria Repensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances on Dirofilaria repens in dogs and humans in Europe

et al. 2018

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“…The prominent secondary follicles with germinal centers in the nodule of mucosal‐associated lymphoid tissue that was close to the pseudocyst is consistent with a local immune response induced by the filarial worm. Subconjunctival granuloma formation is commonly observed in dogs with ocular onchocerciasis, and it has been described with Strongylus edentatus erratic migration in a horse as well as with Dirofilaria repens subconjunctival infection in a dog . Subconjunctival nodular inflammation mimicking scleritis has also been documented in human patients with infection of periocular tissue by filarial species such as onchocerciasis, loiasis, and dirofilariasis …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subconjunctival nodule due to Setaria equina erratic migration in a horse: First case report

Régnier

Martin

Semin

et al. 2019

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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An 18‐month‐old Arabian‐English filly resident in southwest France was referred for evaluation of a conjunctival mass in the right eye (OD). A pink, solid, and mobile nodular formation, measuring approximately 1.2 × 0.8 cm was found under the superior nasal bulbar conjunctiva during an ophthalmic examination that was otherwise normal. The mass was surgically removed using a standing procedure. Cytological examination of fine‐needle aspirates from the mass revealed a mixed eosinophilic‐lymphocytic inflammation. Histological examination confirmed the dense and diffuse eosinophilic‐lymphocytic infiltrate of the mass, and it revealed several cross sections of a parasitic nematode. The morphometric diagnosis identified an immature form of a filarial worm, and molecular analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxydase subunit 1 (cox1) and 12S rRNA gene sequences led to further identification of the specimen as Setaria equina. Microfilaremia was not observed on fresh blood smears. There have been no signs of local recurrence after 18 months, nor any evidence of intraocular involvement. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first documented case of subconjunctival setariasis due to S equina in a horse.

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“…In dogs, the most frequent affected areas include the lumbosacral region, hind limbs and perianal area (Tarello, 2002). Less commonly, adults of D. repens have been reported in the pelvic and mesentery cavities, in the eyes and sub-conjunctival tissues (Hermosilla et al, 2006;Otranto & Dantas-Torres, 2010;Mircean et al, 2017;Agapito et al, 2018), in the gonads and in the lungs (Demiaszkiewicz et al, 2013;Ravindran et al, 2016;Omeragić et al, 2018;Barlozzari et al, 2021). Clinical findings can be influenced by the presence of symbiotic bacteria (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Dirofilaria repens in dogs living in deltaic coastal plain of the Volturno River (Italy): a geographical risk model of infection

Ferrara¹,

Maglione²,

Ciccarelli³

et al. 2022

J. Helminthol.

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The prevalence of vector-associated parasitic infections is high in central-southern Italy. The deltaic coastal plain of the Volturno River has been suspected, by veterinary practitioners, to have a high accidental incidence of Dirofilaria repens. Thus, the goal of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of dirofilariasis and other coinfections frequently described in dogs living in the Volturno area. Blood samples of 100 clinical asymptomatic dogs were examined using a Knott's technique and polymerase chain reaction in order to identify microfilariae. Other vector-borne coinfections were also investigated using ELISA kits. The results were analysed using statistical and Geographic Information System (GIS) software. Microfilariae of D. repens were detected in 10% of the dogs surveyed, with a presence of antibodies against Ehrlichia canis (4/10) and Dirofilaria immitis (1/10). Such high incidence should be considered in light of the zoonotic potential for D. repens and the support for more regular use of repellents to prevent the spread of this disease. The GIS analyses indicated that the study area provides suitable conditions to sustain populations of mosquito vectors and D. repens parasites throughout much of the year.

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Subconjunctival Dirofilaria repens infection in a dog resident in the UK

Cited by 17 publications

References 10 publications

Recent advances on Dirofilaria repens in dogs and humans in Europe

Recent advances on Dirofilaria repens in dogs and humans in Europe

Subconjunctival nodule due to Setaria equina erratic migration in a horse: First case report

Prevalence of Dirofilaria repens in dogs living in deltaic coastal plain of the Volturno River (Italy): a geographical risk model of infection

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