Subclinical mastitis and associated risk factors on dairy farms in New South Wales

Plozza, KL; Lievaart, Jan; Potts, G. R.; Barkema, Herman W.

doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00649.x

Cited by 36 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In the Netherlands, a threshold of >250,000 cells/mL is commonly used to diagnose SCLM in multiparous cows, whereas >150,000 cells/ mL is used in heifers (CRV, 2010;Sampimon et al, 2010). Several studies describe the association between SCC in bulk milk and management characteristics (Barkema et al, 1998(Barkema et al, , 1999bDe Vliegher et al, 2004;Plozza et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of subclinical mastitis in Dutch dairy heifers in the first 100 days in lactation and associated risk factors

Santman-Berends

Riekerink

Sampimon

et al. 2012

Journal of Dairy Science

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Heifer mastitis is a problem and risk factors may differ between heifers and older cows. The aim of this study was to estimate the heifer subclinical mastitis (HSCLM) incidence based on elevated somatic cell count (SCC) in the first 100 d in lactation and the associated risk factors in Dutch dairy herds. In 2008, 173 farmers filled in a questionnaire regarding housing and herd management factors potentially related to udder health. In addition, monthly milk production and SCC data from all cattle were provided by the Dutch Royal Cattle Syndicate (CRV, Arnhem, the Netherlands). Heifer subclinical mastitis incidence was calculated at the herd level as the number of heifer cases divided by the number of heifers at risk in the first 100 d in milk. Linear regression models were used for the analyses. On average, 25.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): 23.9 to 27.0%] of the heifers had subclinical mastitis. Heifers with a high SCC (>150,000 cells/mL) on the first test day after calving that returned to SCC levels below the cut-off continued to have a higher SCC throughout the study period compared with heifers with a low SCC (≤150,000 cells/mL) at the first test day after calving. Housing heifers together with lactating cows close to calving was protective from HSCLM incidence compared with separate housing (−4.5%; 95% CI: −8.7 to −0.2%). In addition, herds in which the farmer removed supernumerary teats of calves had a 7.0% (95% CI: 2.8 to 11.3%) lower HSCLM incidence and day and night grazing was also protective (−5.9%; 95% CI: −10.6 to −1.3%). Herds that were milked with an automatic milking system had, on average, a 6.9% (95% CI: 2.2 to 11.5%) higher HSCLM incidence and submitting milk samples for bacteriological culturing in the previous year was also associated with a higher HSCLM incidence (4.1%; 95% CI: 1.1 to 7.1%). Heifer subclinical mastitis is prevalent in all dairy herds, with a large variation in incidence. A high SCC in heifers at the first test day after calving appears to indicate a prolonged effect on udder health. Several management factors were found to be associated with HSCLM incidence that may help in reducing HSCLM.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of subclinical mastitis in Dutch dairy heifers in the first 100 days in lactation and associated risk factors

Santman-Berends

Riekerink

Sampimon

et al. 2012

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…Proper milking procedures, proper maintenance and use of milking equipment, and the maintenance of a clean, dry and comfortable environment are three key factors in the holistic approach to prevent and control mastitis and achieve optimal milk quality. Proper milking procedures include, among others, wearing gloves during milking, sufficient prestimulation of the udder, avoidance of over milking, post-milking teat dipping, post-milking standing time and milking cows with mastitis last (Plozza et al, 2011;Sandrucci et al, 2007;Watters et al, 2013). Proper maintenance and use of milking equipment covers the settings of the vacuum level, the pulsator rate, the pulsator ratio and yearly inspection of these settings, good fit between teat and teat cup liner, in time renewal of liners and other equipment (Schmidt et al, 1963;Osteras and Lund, 1988;Barkema et al, 1999).…”

Section: Mastitis Control Programmesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the public health risks related to the consumption of raw drinking milk

report¹

2015

EFSA Journal

120

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Raw drinking milk (RDM) has a diverse microbial flora which can include pathogens transmissible to humans. The main microbiological hazards associated with RDM from cows, sheep and goats, horses and donkeys and camels were identified using a decision tree approach. This considered evidence of milk-borne infection and the hazard being present in the European Union (EU), the impact of the hazard on human health and whether there was evidence for RDM as an important risk factor in the EU. The main hazards were Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Brucella melitensis, Mycobacterium bovis and tick-borne encephalitis virus, and there are clear links between drinking raw milk and human illness associated with these hazards. A quantitative microbiological risk assessment for these hazards could not be undertaken because country and EU-wide data are limited. Antimicrobial resistance has been reported in several EU countries in some of the main bacterial hazards isolated from raw milk or associated equipment and may be significant for public health. Sale of RDM through vending machines is permitted in some EU countries, although consumers purchasing such milk are usually instructed to boil the milk before consumption, which would eliminate microbiological risks. With respect to internet sales of RDM, there is a need for microbiological, temperature and storage time data to assess the impact of this distribution route. Intrinsic contamination of RDM with pathogens can arise from animals with systemic infection as well as from localised infections such as mastitis. Extrinsic contamination can arise from faecal contamination and from the wider farm environment. It was not possible to rank control options as no single step could be identified which would significantly reduce risk relative to a baseline of expected good practice, although potential for an increase in risk was also noted. Improved risk communication to consumers is recommended. SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the public health risks related to the consumption of raw drinking milk (RDM). In particular, the BIOHAZ Panel was requested to identify the main microbiological hazards of public health significance that may occur in RDM from different animal species, to assess the public health risk arising from the consumption of RDM, to assess the likelihood of RDM being a significant source of antimicrobial resistant bacteria/resistance genes, to assess the additional risks associated with the sale of RDM through vending machines and via the internet and to identify and rank potential control options to reduce public health risks arising from consumption of RDM.According to European Union (EU) legislation, "raw milk" is defined as milk produced by the secretion of the mammary gland of farmed animals that has not been heated to more than 40 °C or undergone any treatment that has an e...

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“…Sub-clinical mastitis is a great economic threat to dairy farmers because it results in milk yield reductions and undesirable changes in the milk's composition (Plozza et al 2011). Recently, Bolourchi et al (2008) reported a substantial economic loss in Iranian Holstein dairy cows due to sub-clinical intra-mammary infections (IMI).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of conventional and extended intra-mammary treatment of persistent sub-clinical mastitis with cefquinome in lactating dairy cows

Kasravi

Bolourchi

Farzaneh

et al. 2011

Trop Anim Health Prod

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The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the efficacy of intra-mammary-administered cefquinome for the treatment of sub-clinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows and to determine if extended therapy would enhance treatment efficacy. Seventy-three Holstein dairy cows from a single farm with 150 infected quarters were enrolled in the study. Infected cows were allocated randomly to one of three treatment regimens: (1) conventional (standard) regimen: 75 mg of cefquinome administered three times at 16-h intervals (25 infected cows, 52 intra-mammary infections (IMI)), (2) extended regimen: 75 mg of cefquinome administered six times at 16-h intervals (26 infected cows, 58 IMI) and (3) negative untreated control group (22 cows, 40 IMI). Most IMI were caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci, streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae and coliforms. The overall bacteriological cure (BC) rates for sub-clinical IMI were 84.61%, 91.37% and 20% for the conventional, extended and the control groups, respectively, indicating a higher BC rate for the treated groups than the control group (P < 0.001). Significant differences in somatic cell count (SCC) were detected between the treated versus the control group (P < 0.001). No differences, concerning the BC rate or SCC, were observed between the extended and the conventional groups. Although fat and protein percentages increased in the treated groups, there were no significant differences in post-treatment milk production between the groups. Results of this study indicate that cefquinome therapy was effective in reducing SCC and eliminating sub-clinical IMI in lactating dairy cows, but extended therapy did not enhance treatment efficacy.

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Subclinical mastitis and associated risk factors on dairy farms in New South Wales

Cited by 36 publications

References 29 publications

Incidence of subclinical mastitis in Dutch dairy heifers in the first 100 days in lactation and associated risk factors

Incidence of subclinical mastitis in Dutch dairy heifers in the first 100 days in lactation and associated risk factors

Scientific Opinion on the public health risks related to the consumption of raw drinking milk

Efficacy of conventional and extended intra-mammary treatment of persistent sub-clinical mastitis with cefquinome in lactating dairy cows

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