Subchronic effects of gum arabic (Acacia) in the rat

Anderson, D.M.W.; Ashby, P.; Busuttil, A.; Eastwood, M. A.; Hobson, B. M.; Ross, Allison; Street, Catherine A.

doi:10.1016/0378-4274(82)90055-8

Cited by 24 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…GA administered to men for 3 weeks has no effect on glucose tolerance, but decreases serum cholesterol [19,21] In rats AG has no histopathology or hematological toxicity when administered for 13 weeks at doses as high as 5 g/k/day. Teratogenicity and carcinogenicity are also absent [21][22][23][24] There are no limitations on the use of AG as a food additive, as the experimental evidence required for international food safety has already been met [25][26][27][28] [ 40,41]. Figure 4 shows the urea-lowering mechanism of AG.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Six-year dialysis freedom in end-stage renal disease

Al-Mosawi

2009

Clin Exp Nephrol

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Six-year dialysis freedom in end-stage renal disease

Al-Mosawi

2009

Clin Exp Nephrol

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“…as well as sugars that vary considerably in stability and molecular accessibility, progress may be possible towards an improved understanding of its metabolic and immunological effects (Ferguson 1985). After ingestion, gum arabic has been reported to be only marginally degraded during its transit through the stomach; it is, however, very rapidly and efficiently decomposed by the natural microbiological populations in the hindgut (Anderson et al 1982, Ross et al 1984. Nevertheless the data obtained in this study indicate that some liberation of peripheral amino acids and sugars in gum arabic may occur at the pH of the stomach contents within normal dietary transit times.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradative studies of highly proteinaceous Acacia gum exudates

Anderson

McDougall

1987

Food Additives and Contaminants

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Solutions of the gums from Acacia gerrardii, A. goetzii, and A. tumida (percentage N = 1.86, 0.89 and 7.66 respectively) have been subjected to mild acidic hydrolysis; a solution of the gum from A. eriopoda (percentage N = 6.70) has been subjected to ultraviolet irradiation and acidic hydrolysis. Data are presented for the sugar and amino acid compositions of the three products obtained from each gum by the degradative processes used. The results extend those obtained previously for Acacia Senegal gum; acidic hydrolysis and ultraviolet irradiation gave differing yields of the insoluble and dialysate fractions having different analytical parameters. The hydrolysis of A. tumida gum gave a large amount of insoluble proteinaceous material but no dialysate. After mild acidic hydrolysis, rhamnose appeared predominantly in the insoluble proteinaceous fractions from A. gerrardi, A. tumida and A. eriopoda, and, in contrast, in the essentially non-proteinaceous dialysate from A. goetzii gum. As established for Acacia Senegal (gum arabic), some amino acids, e.g. alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and glycine are more labile than others to degradative processes: the main effect is for the high proportions of serine and hydroxyproline in the natural gums to become even higher in the degraded gums. These results indicate fine structural differences between the gums studied, and differences in the relative stabilities of their amino acids and sugars. This provides a basis for a clearer understanding of some phenomena, associated with the fragility of gum arabic, that were not clearly understood previously.

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“…At microscopic examination, no alterations were found that were attributable to the ingestion of gum arabic. The only treatment-related alteration noted at necropsy was cecal enlargement in rats of the highestdose groups (Anderson et al 1982).…”

Section: Subchronic Oral Toxicity Gum Arabicmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Similar doses were fatal when administered to two rabbits (weights not stated) (FASEB 1973). Anderson et al (1982) evaluated the subchronic oral toxicity of gum arabic (Acacia Senegal Gum) in two experiments using albino Wistar rats (24 to 28 days old). Body weights prior to initiation of the study were not included.…”

Section: Short-term Intravenous Toxicity Gum Arabicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Final Report of the Safety Assessment of Acacia Catechu Gum, Acacia Concinna Fruit Extract, Acacia Dealbata Leaf Extract, Acacia Dealbata Leaf Wax, Acacia Decurrens Extract, Acacia Farnesiana Extract, Acacia Farnesiana Flower Wax, Acacia Farnesiana Gum, Acacia Senegal Extract, Acacia Senegal Gum, and Acacia Senegal Gum Extract1

2005

Int J Toxicol

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These ingredients are derived from various species of the acacia plant. Only material derived from Acacia Senegal are in current use according to industry data. The concentration at which these ingredients are reported to be used ranges from 9 % in mascara to 0.0001 % in tonics, dressings, and other hair-grooming aids. Gum arabic is a technical name for Acacia Senegal Gum. Gum arable is comprised of various sugars and glucuronic acid residues in a long chain of galactosyl units with branched oligosaccharides. Gum arabic is generally recognized as safe as a direct food additive. Little information is available to characterize the extracts of other Acacia plant parts or material from other species. Acacia Concinna Fruit Extract was generally described as containing saponins, alkaloids, and malic acid with parabens and potassium sorbate added as preservatives. Cosmetic ingredient functions have been reported for Acacia Decurrens Extract (astringent; skin-conditioning agent—occlusive) and Acacia Farnesiana Extract (astringent), but not for the other Acacias included in this review. Tox-icity data on gum arabic indicates little or no acute, short-term, or subchronic toxicity. Gum arabic is negative in several genotoxicity assays, is not a reproductive or developmental toxin, and is not carcinogenic when given intraperitoneally or orally. Clinical testing indicated some evidence of skin sensitization with gum arabic. The extensive safety test data on gum arabic supports the safety of Acacia Senegal Gum and Acacia Senegal Gum Extract, and it was concluded that these two ingredients are safe as used in cosmetic formulations. It was not possible, however, to relate the data on gum arabic to the crude Acacias and their extracts from species other than Acacia Senegal. Therefore, the available data were considered insufficient to support the safety of Acacia Catechu Gum, Acacia Concinna Fruit Extract, Acacia Dealbata Leaf Extract, Acacia Dealbata Leaf Wax, Acacia Decurrens Extract, Acacia Farnesiana Extract, Acacia Farnesiana Flower Wax, Acacia Farnesiana Gum, and Acacia Senegal Extract in cosmetic products. The additional data needed to complete the safety assessment for these ingredients include (1) concentration of use; (2) identify the specific chemical constituents, and clarify the relationship between crude Acacias and their extracts and the Acacias and their extracts that are used as cosmetic ingredients; (3) data on contaminants, particularly relating to the presence of pesticide residues, and a determination of whether Acacia melanoxylon is used in cosmetics and whether acamelin (a quinone) and melacacidin (a flavin) are present in the Acacias that are being used; (4) skin sensitization study (i.e., dose response to be determined); (5) contact urticaria study at use concentration; and (6) ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectrum; if there is significant absorbance in the UVA or UVB range, then a photosensitization study may be needed. It was also noted that other data may be needed after clarification of the chemical constituents of the Acacia-derived ingredients.

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Subchronic effects of gum arabic (Acacia) in the rat

Cited by 24 publications

References 4 publications

Six-year dialysis freedom in end-stage renal disease

Six-year dialysis freedom in end-stage renal disease

Degradative studies of highly proteinaceous Acacia gum exudates

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