Subchronic (13-week) oral toxicity study in rats with fungal chitin-glucan from Aspergillus niger

Jonker, D.; Kuper, C. Frieke; Maquet, Véronique; Nollevaux, Géraldine; Gautier, Sandrine

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2010.06.042

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…11, 42 Subchronic oral toxicity studies in rats demonstrated safety levels up to 10% of CG in the diet, corresponding to 6.6 g/kg body weight per day in male rats and 7.0 g/kg body weight per day in female rats. 42 A pilot 4-week study in overweight hypercholesterolemic men demonstrated that 4.5 g/day CG was well tolerated and without AEs. 11 Results of the present study confirm the safety profile of CG.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitin-glucan fiber effects on oxidized low-density lipoprotein: a randomized controlled trial

Bays

Evans²,

Maki³

et al. 2012

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Background/objectives:Elevated oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) may promote inflammation, and is associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic coronary heart disease and worsening complications of diabetes mellitus. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of chitin-glucan (CG), alone and in combination with a potentially anti-inflammatory olive oil (OO) extract, for reducing OxLDL in subjects with borderline to high LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels.Subjects/methods:This 6-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a novel, insoluble fiber derived from the Aspergillus niger mycelium, CG, evaluated 130 subjects free of diabetes mellitus with fasting LDL-C 3.37–4.92 mmol/l and glucose ⩽6.94 mmol/l. Participants were randomly assigned to receive CG (4.5 g/day; n=33), CG (1.5 g/day; n=32), CG (1.5 g/day) plus OO extract (135 mg/day; n=30), or matching placebo (n=35).Results:Administration of 4.5 g/day CG for 6 weeks significantly reduced OxLDL compared with placebo (P=0.035). At the end of study, CG was associated with lower LDL-C levels relative to placebo, although this difference was statistically significant only for the CG 1.5 g/day group (P=0.019). CG did not significantly affect high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin or F2-isoprostane levels. Adverse events did not substantively differ between treatments and placebo.Conclusions:In this 6-week study, CG (4.5 g/day) reduced OxLDL, an effect that might affect the risk for atherosclerosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitin-glucan fiber effects on oxidized low-density lipoprotein: a randomized controlled trial

Bays

Evans²,

Maki³

et al. 2012

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…lucidum in a subchronic toxicity study for 90 days [ 19 – 21 ]. Other studies showed no adverse effects or toxicity at a dose of 7.0 g/kg/day for a chitin-glucan from Aspergillus niger administered orally to Wistar rats for 13 weeks, and 5.9 g/kg/day for a barley β-glucan given orally to Wistar rats for 28 days [ 55 , 56 ]. Gl -1 and Gl -2 extracts altered the composition of gastrointestinal bacteria in Wistar rats, suggesting that the gut microbiota was a major biological mechanism for achieving homeostasis in treated groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Mexican Ganoderma lucidum extracts on liver, kidney, and the gut microbiota of Wistar rats: A repeated dose oral toxicity study

et al. 2023

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Well-characterized and standardized extracts of a Mexican genotype of Ganoderma lucidum (Gl), a medicinal mushroom, cultivated on oak sawdust (Gl-1) or oak sawdust plus acetylsalicylic acid (Gl-2, ASA), have been shown to exert antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, prebiotic, and anticancer properties. However, toxicity analyses still need to be carried out. Different doses of these Gl-1 or Gl-2 extracts were administered to Wistar rats for 14 days in a repeated dose oral toxicity study. We assessed the external clinical signs, biochemical parameters, liver and kidney tissues, injury and inflammation biomarkers, gene expression, inflammatory responses, proinflammatory mediators, and gut microbiota. Gl extracts had no significant adverse, toxic or harmful effects on male and female rats compared to the control groups. No injury or dysfunction were recorded in the kidney or liver, as there were no significant abnormal variations in organ weight, tissue histopathology, serum biochemical parameters (C-reactive protein, creatinine, urea, glucose, ALT and AST transaminases, TC, LDL-c, TG, HDL-c), urinary parameters (creatinine, urea nitrogen, albumin, the albumin-to-creatinine ratio, glucose), injury and inflammatory biomarkers (KIM-1/TIM-1, TLR4, and NF-кB protein expression; IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 gene expression), or the expression of genes linked to cholesterol metabolism (HMG-CoA, Srebp2, Ldlr). Gl-1 and Gl-2 extracts showed prebiotic effects on the gut microbiota of male and female Wistar rats. Bacterial diversity and relative bacterial abundance (BRA) increased, positively modulating the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. The ASA (10 mM) added to the substrate used for mushroom cultivation changed properties and effects of the Gl-2 extract on Wistar rats. The no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) was 1000 mg/kg body weight/day of Gl-1 or Gl-2 extracts. Clinical trials are recommended for further exploring the potential therapeutic applications of studied extracts.

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“…Beta-glucan is a potent immunity booster [118]. This unique substance affects the intestinal villi and helps the body fight viral and bacterial invaders [119].…”

Section: Prebioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Phytogenic Substances for Optimizing Gut Health in Poultry

et al. 2022

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The gut microbiota has been designated as a hidden metabolic ‘organ’ because of its enormous impact on host metabolism, physiology, nutrition, and immune function. The connection between the intestinal microbiota and their respective host animals is dynamic and, in general, mutually beneficial. This complicated interaction is seen as a determinant of health and disease; thus, intestinal dysbiosis is linked with several metabolic diseases. Therefore, tractable strategies targeting the regulation of intestinal microbiota can control several diseases that are closely related to inflammatory and metabolic disorders. As a result, animal health and performance are improved. One of these strategies is related to dietary supplementation with prebiotics, probiotics, and phytogenic substances. These supplements exert their effects indirectly through manipulation of gut microbiota quality and improvement in intestinal epithelial barrier. Several phytogenic substances, such as berberine, resveratrol, curcumin, carvacrol, thymol, isoflavones and hydrolyzed fibers, have been identified as potential supplements that may also act as welcome means to reduce the usage of antibiotics in feedstock, including poultry farming, through manipulation of the gut microbiome. In addition, these compounds may improve the integrity of tight junctions by controlling tight junction-related proteins and inflammatory signaling pathways in the host animals. In this review, we discuss the role of probiotics, prebiotics, and phytogenic substances in optimizing gut function in poultry.

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Subchronic (13-week) oral toxicity study in rats with fungal chitin-glucan from Aspergillus niger

Cited by 13 publications

References 29 publications

Chitin-glucan fiber effects on oxidized low-density lipoprotein: a randomized controlled trial

Chitin-glucan fiber effects on oxidized low-density lipoprotein: a randomized controlled trial

Effects of Mexican Ganoderma lucidum extracts on liver, kidney, and the gut microbiota of Wistar rats: A repeated dose oral toxicity study

Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Phytogenic Substances for Optimizing Gut Health in Poultry

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