Subchondral Bone: Healthy Soil for the Healthy Cartilage

Goyal, Deepak; Goyal, Anjali; Adachi, Nobuo

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-54181-4_38

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…However, cartilage cannot bear weight alone due to its limited regenerative capacity, whereas subchondral bone is considered a weight-bearing structure with good regenerative capacity. Thus, the osteochondral unit should be used to withstand physiological loads, allowing physiological and structural balance ( Hoechel et al, 2012 ; Goyal et al, 2017 ). Meanwhile, the sodium citrate (SC) bone acts as a dynamic component of the OC unit, transmitting forces through the joint and adapting to its mechanical demands ( Hoechel et al, 2012 ).…”

Section: Osteochondralmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The specific structure of the subchondral bone helps to minimize and redistribute axial forces, cushion shock through deformation and during stress transmission to avoid excessive stress damage to the cartilage. After loading, the subchondral bone can be regulated, by the blood vessels and nerves between the pores, to induce the release of joint fluid, proteoglycans, and fibers ( Goyal et al, 2017 ). Subchondral bone is also a repository of stem cells, with subchondral bone providing undifferentiated bone marrow stem cells as the sole source for new chondrocyte generation.…”

Section: Osteochondralmentioning

confidence: 99%

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3D Printing for Bone-Cartilage Interface Regeneration

Jiao

et al. 2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Due to the vasculature defects and/or the avascular nature of cartilage, as well as the complex gradients for bone-cartilage interface regeneration and the layered zonal architecture, self-repair of cartilage and subchondral bone is challenging. Currently, the primary osteochondral defect treatment strategies, including artificial joint replacement and autologous and allogeneic bone graft, are limited by their ability to simply repair, rather than induce regeneration of tissues. Meanwhile, over the past two decades, three-dimension (3D) printing technology has achieved admirable advancements in bone and cartilage reconstruction, providing a new strategy for restoring joint function. The advantages of 3D printing hybrid materials include rapid and accurate molding, as well as personalized therapy. However, certain challenges also exist. For instance, 3D printing technology for osteochondral reconstruction must simulate the histological structure of cartilage and subchondral bone, thus, it is necessary to determine the optimal bioink concentrations to maintain mechanical strength and cell viability, while also identifying biomaterials with dual bioactivities capable of simultaneously regenerating cartilage. The study showed that the regeneration of bone-cartilage interface is crucial for the repair of osteochondral defect. In this review, we focus on the significant progress and application of 3D printing technology for bone-cartilage interface regeneration, while also expounding the potential prospects for 3D printing technology and highlighting some of the most significant challenges currently facing this field.

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Section: Osteochondralmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Osteochondralmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printing for Bone-Cartilage Interface Regeneration

Jiao

et al. 2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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“…The thinner regions are principally appositional stratum connected with trabeculae as well as a few Haversian canals; however, the thicker regions primarily consisted of well-organized osteons. [31] The major function of subchondral bone is to transmit the load from the joint into the bone and support the cartilage. During this process, the compact SBP offers sufficient support, and TB provides elasticity to absorbing and reducing the effects of shock.…”

Section: Subchondral Bonementioning

confidence: 99%

“…During this process, the compact SBP offers sufficient support, and TB provides elasticity to absorbing and reducing the effects of shock. [31] Maintaining such kind of inherent joint elasticity is of great significance for our body movements.…”

Section: Subchondral Bonementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The organic component is mainly com-prised of Col I, PGs, GAG, and water content, thus providing elasticity as well as flexibility; while the inorganic part is largely made up of HAp crystals which afford rigidity. [4,31] The special constitution and architecture of subchondral bone contribute greatly to attenuating axial forces, protecting the upper layer of articular cartilage. [32] With an inherent capability to provide feedback on certain conditions, subchondral bone can display both adaptive (longer period) and acute reflections of joints.…”

Section: Subchondral Bonementioning

confidence: 99%

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Innovative Tissue‐Engineered Strategies for Osteochondral Defect Repair and Regeneration: Current Progress and Challenges

Zhou

Gjvm

Malda

et al. 2020

Adv Healthcare Materials

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Clinical treatments for the repair of osteochondral defects (OCD) are merely palliative, not completely curative, and thus enormously unfulfilled challenges. With the in-depth studies of biology, medicine, materials, and engineering technology, the conception of OCD repair and regeneration should be renewed. During the past decades, many innovative tissue-engineered approaches for repairing and regenerating damaged osteochondral units have been widely explored. Various scaffold-free and scaffold-based strategies, such as monophasic, biphasic, and currently fabricated multiphasic and gradient architectures have been proposed and evaluated. Meanwhile, progenitor cells and tissue-specific cells have also been intensively investigated in vivo as well as ex vivo. Concerning bioactive factors and drugs, they have been combined with scaffolds and/or living cells, and even released in a spatiotemporally controlled manner. Although tremendous progress has been achieved, further research and development (R&D) is needed to convert preclinical outcomes into clinical applications. Here, the osteochondral unit structure, its defect classifications, and diagnosis are summarized. Commonly used clinical reparative techniques, tissue-engineered strategies, emerging 3D-bioprinting technologies, and the status of their clinical applications are discussed. Existing challenges to translation are also discussed and potential solutions for future R&D directions are proposed.

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The Science of Illustrated Cartilage Repair and Its Rationale

Goyal

2020

The Illustrative Book of Cartilage Repair

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Subchondral Bone: Healthy Soil for the Healthy Cartilage

Cited by 7 publications

References 16 publications

3D Printing for Bone-Cartilage Interface Regeneration

3D Printing for Bone-Cartilage Interface Regeneration

Innovative Tissue‐Engineered Strategies for Osteochondral Defect Repair and Regeneration: Current Progress and Challenges

The Science of Illustrated Cartilage Repair and Its Rationale

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