“…[1][2][3] One of the current bottlenecks in the development of molecules active against Gram-negative bacteria is their low permeability across the bacterial cell wall, composed of an outer membrane (OM) and inner membrane (IM). 4,5 Methods to investigate the accumulation of antimicrobial agents inside a cell can be in vivo viability assay, 6 liposome swelling assay, 7 mass spectrometry and uorometry related approaches, [8][9][10] and electrophysiology. 5,11 Nanopore based single molecule tools could already investigate a single nucleotide segment, 12,13 and nucleotide base lesion analogues, 14,15 peptides [16][17][18][19] etc.…”